308 ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE 



first. Thus, written out fully, the abo\ 7 e sorites would 

 become : 



All men are animals. 



Peter is a man. 



Therefore Peter is an animal. 



All animals are living things. 



Peter is an animal. 



Therefore Peter is a living thing. 



All living things are corporeal. 



Peter is a living thing. 



Therefore Peter is corporeal. 



All corporeal things are substances. 



Peter is a corporeal thing. 



Therefore Peter is a substance. 



[The propositions in black type are the ones left out in 

 the sorites.] 



Another form of reasoning, in which there are at most 

 two hidden, or cryptical, syllogisms, is called a Pro- 

 syllogism, Thus : 



All tyrants, because they transgress the law, are 

 unjust, but Napoleon I., who violated his engage- 

 ments to the Republic to make himself supreme, 



was a tyrant, therefore Napoleon I. was unjust. 



[The parts in black type are relics of two hidden or 

 cryptical syllogisms.] 



Thus written out at length the prosyllogism is : 



All who transgress the law are unjust. 



But tyrants transgress the law. 



Therefore tyrants are unjust. 



All who violate their engagements to 



the Republic to make themselves 



supreme are tyrants. 



