326 ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE 



Pythagoras must be one infinite self-existing intel- 

 ligence. 



Heraclitus, of Ephesus, identified the Supreme Divine 

 Spirit with an ethereal fire, and affirmed that all things 

 are in a flux and a perpetual " becoming." 



Parmenides (515 B.C.), on the contrary, following 

 Xenophanes, inculcated the necessary existence of " the 

 one." He said that it alone existed and was everything, 

 and that plurality and change were but empty appear- 

 ances mere deceptions of the senses obscuring the 

 unchanging unity perceptible to thought. 



ZenOj of Elea (who taught Pericles and was born about 

 485 or 490 B.C.), defended the doctrine of Parmenides, 

 and denied the reality and possibility of motion, on 

 the ground of four arguments, which readers will find 

 described in histories of philosophy. 



Anaxagoras (born about 500 B.C.) reduced all origin 

 and decay to a process of mingling and separation, but 

 assumed, as ultimate elements, an unlimited number of 

 primitive determinate substances. They first existed 

 mixed together, and then the divine mind, out of such 

 chaos, formed the world. 



Empedocles (of the same period) affirmed the existence 

 of but four elements : earth, water, air, and fire, with 

 love as a uniting, and hate as a separating force. 



Democritus (born 460 B.C.) advocated the celebrated 

 doctrine of atoms, declaring such atoms to be the in- 

 visible, intangible, primary elements which compose all 

 things according to their different modes of combination 

 and relative position. 



The foregoing enumeration must suffice as a catalogue 

 of the names of the principal philosophers of the first 

 period of Grecian philosophy. Its second period is less 

 directly concerned about the material universe, and 



