14 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY. 



only part directly joined to the body ; for frequently muscles extend direct to 

 the subgalea, without passing through the cardo. 



The Stipes or footstalk (b) is the part next in order proceeding distad. It is 

 usually triangular, and articulates with the cardo by its base, with the palpifer 

 by its lateral margin, and with the subgalea by its mesal side. In the Orthop- 

 tera, Pseudoneuroptera, and Neuroptera, the stipes is united with the subgalea, 

 and the two form the larger portion of the body of the maxilla (Fig. 22). The 

 stipes has no appendages ; but the palpifer on the one side, and the subgalea 

 on the other, may become united to the stipes without any trace of suture 

 remaining, and their appendages will then appear to be borne by the stipes. 

 Thus in Fig. 22 it appears to be the stipes that bears the galea, and that receives 

 muscles from the body. 



The Palpifer or palpus-bearer (c) is situated upon the lateral (outer) side of 

 the stipes ; it does not, however, extend to the base of this organ, and frequently 

 projects distad beyond it. It is often much more developed on the dorsal side 

 of the maxilla than on the ventral (Figs. 25 and 26). It can be readily distin- 

 guished when it is distinct by the insertion upon it of the appendage which 

 gives to it its name. 



The Maxillary Palpus or feeler (d) is the most conspicuous of the appendages 

 of the maxilla. It is an organ composed of from one to six freely movable seg- 

 ments, and is articulated to the palpifer on the latero-distal angle of the body 

 of the maxilla. 



The Subgalea or helmet-bearer (<?) when developed as a distinct sclerite is 

 most easily distinguished as the one that bears the galea. It bounds the stipes 

 more or less completely on its mesal (inner) side, and is often directly connected 

 with the body by muscles. In many Coleoptera it is closely united to the 

 lacinia; this gives the lacinia the appearance of bearing the galea, and of being 

 connected with the body (Fig. 28). In the Orthoptera, the Pseudoneuroptera, 

 and the Neuroptera, the subgalea is united to the stipes ; consequently in these 

 orders the stipes appears to bear the galea, and to be joined directly to the 

 body if any part besides the cardo is so connected. 



The Galea or helmet (/) is the second in prominence of the appendages of the 

 maxilla. It consists of one or two segments, and is joined to 

 the maxilla mesad of the palpus. The galea varies greatly in 

 form : it is often more or less flattened, with the distal seg- 

 ment concave, and overlapping the lacinia like a hood. It 

 was this form that suggested the name galea or helmet. 

 In other cases the galea resembles a palpus in form (Fig. 

 28). The galea is also known as the outer lobe, the upper 

 lobe, or the superior lobe. 



The Lacinia or blade (g) is borne on the mesal (inner) 

 FIG. 2 8.-Maxiila of margin of the subgalea. It is the cutting or chewing part 

 Cidndeia. . Q f t h e maxilla, and is often furnished with teeth and spines. 

 The lacinia is also known as the inner lobe, or the inferior lobe. 



The Digitus or finger (k) is a small appendage sometimes borne by the lacinia 

 at its distal end. In the Cicindelidse it is in the form of an articulated claw 

 (Fig. 28) ; but in certain other beetles it is more obviously one, of the segments 

 of the maxilla (Figs. 25 and 26). This part is sometimes termed the unguis, a 



