114 AN INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY. 



lighter or darker shades. These insects are found under stones and 



rubbish in woods. Very closely al- 

 lied to them are the " Cave-crick- 

 ets." These belong to the genus 

 Haden&cus* H. caverndrum inhabits 

 the caves of this country; it has very 

 FIG. T. Qit .Ceuthophiius, long legs and antennae, is colorless 



and blind. 



II. The Meadow Grasshoppers. 



2. Xiphldium. From the middle of the summer to the autumn 

 there may be found upon the grass in our meadows and moist pas- 

 tures many light-green grasshoppers of various sizes. These, on ac- 

 count of the situations in which they are usually found, are termed 

 the meadow grasshoppers. A large proportion of the species belong 

 to the genus Xiphidium. This genus comprises the smaller of our 

 common species. The members of it do not have the head fur- 

 nished with a conical projection, and the ovipositor of the females 

 is straight and sword-shaped (Fig. 105). 



We have x three common species in the 

 Middle States. In one of them, X. fas- 

 datum, the tegmina and wings are long, 

 extending far beyond the tip of the ab- 

 domen. In each of the other species 

 the tegmina and wings are much short- 

 ened. X. ensifer is characterized by the great length of the 

 ovipositor, which is longer than the rest of the body ; while the 

 ovipositor of X. brevipennis is a little shorter than the hind femora. 



3. Orchellmum. These insects differ from the other common 

 meadow grasshoppers in having the ovipositor curved. Our most 

 common species is O. vulgdre. This species measures from the ver- 

 tex of the head to the end of the abdomen 18 mm. (0.7 inch), or to 

 the tip of the wing-covers 25 mm. (i inch). The brown line on the 

 dorsal aspect of the head and thorax does not extend down upon 

 the front of the head ; in the males there are two short black dashes 

 on each of the tegmina ; the four form the angles of a square, inclos- 

 ing the musical apparatus. The wings equal the tegmina in length 

 or are a little shorter. Another common species is O. glabcrrimum. 

 This has the dorsal band and the musical apparatus of the males 

 bordered with black, and the ovipositor slightly expanded in the 

 middle. O. agile has a narrow dark streak down the middle of the 



