370 PERFECT SOCIETIES OF INSECTS. 



quillity only while she keeps at a distance from them. As her Instinct is 

 constantly urging her to attack them, this proceeding is frequently 

 repeated. Sometimes, standing in a particular and commanding attitude, 

 she utters that authoritative sound which so much affects the bees ; they 

 then all hang down their heads and remain motionless ; but as soon as it 

 ceases, they resume their opposition. At last she becomes violently agi- 

 tated, and communicating her agitation to others, the confusion more and 

 more increases, till a swarm leaves the hive, which she either precedes or 

 follows. In the same manner the other young queens are treated while 

 there are swarms to go forth ; but when the hive is sufficiently thinned, 

 and it becomes troublesome to guard them in the manner here described, 

 they come forth unnoticed, and fight unimpeded till one alone remains to 

 fill the deserted throne of the parent hive. You see here the reason why 

 the eggs that produce these queens are not laid at the same time, but after 

 some interval, that they may come forth successively. For did they all 

 make their appearance together, it would be a much more laborious and 

 difficult task to keep them from destroying each other. 



When the bees thus delay the entrance of the young queens into their 

 world, they invariably let out the oldest first ; and they probably know 

 their progress to maturity by the emission of the sound lately mentioned. 

 The accurate Huber took the trouble to mark all the royal cells in a hive 

 as soon as the workers had covered them in, and he found that they were 

 all liberated according to seniority. Those first covered first emit the 

 sound, and so on successively; whence he conjectures that this is the sign 

 by which the workers discover their age. As their captivity, however, "is 

 sometimes prolonged to eight or ten days, this circumstance in that time 

 may be forgotten. In this case he supposes that their tones grow stronger 

 as they grow older, by which the workers may be enabled to distinguish 

 them. It is remarkable that no guard is placed round the mute queens 

 bred according to the Lusatian method, which, when the time for their ap- 

 pearance is come, are not detained in captivity a single moment; but, as 

 you have heard, are left to fight, conquer, or die. 1 



You must not think, however, from what I have been saying, that the 

 old queen never destroys the young ones previously to her leading forth 

 the earliest swarm. She is allowed the most uncontrolled liberty of action 

 and if she chooses to approach and destroy the royal cells, her subjects do 

 not oppose her. It sometimes happens, when unfavourable weather retards 

 the first swarm, that all the royal progeny perishes by the sting of their 

 mother, and then no swarm takes place. It is to be observed that she 

 never attacks a royal cell till its inhabitant is ready to assume the pupa 

 therefore much will depend upon their age. When they arrive at thu 

 state, her horror of these cells, and aversion to them, are extreme : she 

 attacks, perhaps, and destroys several ; but finding it too laborious, for 

 they are often numerous, to destroy the whole, the same agitation is causec 

 in her as if she were forcibly prevented, and she becomes disposed to depart 

 rather than. remain in the midst of her rivals, though her own offspring. 



But though the bees, in one of these cases, appear such unconcernec 

 spectators of the destruction of royal personages, or rather the applauders 

 and inciters of the bloody fact, and in the other show little respect to them 

 put such a restraint upon their persons, and manifest such disregard to 



Huber, i. 286. 



