THE WOODS IN THEIR SUMMER FOLIAGE 233 



such leaves are called simple leaves. In the next two groups 

 we have compound -leaves. Each one of these has a number 

 of leaflets attached to a common petiole. 



6. The beautiful large leaves of the asp, the butternut, 

 and the hickory are of this type. The arrangement of the 

 leaflets reminds one of a pretty feather, and therefore such 

 leaves are described as pinnate, or feather-shaped. How 

 can you distinguish these three kinds of leaves by their 

 touch and their smell? Do peas, roses, and prickly ash 

 have compound or simple leaves ? Which pinnate leaves 

 have an even number, which an odd number of leaflets? 

 Do you know the Kentucky Coffee Tree ? It has the most 

 compound leaves of all American trees. Its flowers resem- 

 ble the pea flower ; and the large, stone-hard seeds are borne 

 in pods that look like very big pea pods. The tree grows 

 in rich woods, especially in river bottoms, but it is not very 

 common. 



7. Other types of compound leaves are the palmate, or 

 hand-shaped leaves of the Virginia creeper and the trifolio- 

 late leaves of clover. What does trifoliolate mean? Can 

 you mention other plants that have compound leaves ? Are 

 they pinnate, palmate, or trifoliolate ? Can you tell, from 

 the position of the buds, if the leaves will stand opposite, 

 or alternate ? 



45. Insect Injuries to Foliage. 



MATERIAL : Galls on oak leaves, rosettes of willows, leaves folded 

 by caterpillars and plant lice, tents of caterpillars, deformed petioles 

 of cottonwood leaves, and other material. Names are of little impor- 

 tance in this lesson ; the object is to show the children how largely and 

 variously foliage is injured by insects. 



Not only the leaves of small plants are eaten by insects, 

 but sometimes large trees and even whole groves are en- 

 Find places where ferns, horsetails, mosses, lichens, mushrooms, and 

 puff-balls grow. 



