94 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 



Beethoven, in his grandest symphony, sounds every note of the 

 scale at once with musical effect. 



The present remarks are mainly concerned with instrumental 

 appliances which minister to sound. The physical aspect of 

 acoustics has been lucidly laid down in the introductory notice. 

 To bridge over the gap between this science and the art of music 

 slightly more extended treatment is needed; for instance, 

 besides 



i. Its modes of production. 



2. ,, propagation. 



3. determination and measurement. 



4. An important consideration must be the history and ethno- 

 logical variation of musical sound; nor can we omit (5) the 

 various schemes of temperament and tuning, or the effects of heat 

 on sounding bodies. Lastly 



6. Special applications to music must be included in the list. 



i. The modes of production may best be considered under 

 definite types, such as the following : 



Springs or rods. Jew's-harp, "nail-fiddle," musical-box, 



tuning-fork, clock-gongs of wire, Wheatstone's reson- 



ating-tube. 



Bells. Spherical or irregular in shape, musical glasses. 

 Plates. Steel, glass, stone, and wood, harmonicons, gongs, 



and Burmese bells, Indian instruments. 

 Strings. Plucked, hammered, bowed, excited by wind, 



straight strings, simple or loaded, coiled spiral strings. 



Sustaining the sound of rods or strings by means of 



electricity, wind, or vibrating percussion. 

 Membranes. Kettle-drums, &c. 

 Pipes. Organ-pipes, wood, metal, reed. 

 Reeds. Free, beating, compounded with strings or springs. 

 Musical flames. Pyrophone. 

 2. Modes of propagation may be studied, as 



