GEOGRAPHICAL MAPS. 241 



serve as initial points for future survey. In Venezuela we have 

 the map of Codazzi, in Colombia that of Acosta, in Ecuador the 

 very incorrect production of Villavicencio. In Brazil better work 

 has been executed, and there are some fine surveys of the San 

 Francisco and other rivers. An atlas of Peru was brought out by 

 Paz Soldan ; but it will probably be eventually superseded by the 

 magnificent topographical work of Don Antonio Raimondi, pub- 

 lished at the expense of the Peruvian Government. The topo- 

 graphical maps of Chile were brought out by Pissis, and a good 

 deal of useful surveying worjc has since been done by Chilian 

 officers. In this way the countries in the second rank of civilisa- 

 tion are adequately supplied with maps, until the time comes 

 when their increasing requirements necessitate the execution of 

 first-class trigonometrical surveys. 



The third class of maps includes the work of explorers of un- 

 known or little known regions, and of geographers who delineate 

 the features of such regions by compilation and by an intelligent 

 collation of the work of travellers. In this category are the maps 

 of a great part of Central Asia, of Afghanistan, and Arabia ; of 

 the interior of tropical Africa ; of the Montanas of Bolivia, Peru, 

 Quito, and Colombia ; and of the Arctic and Antarctic regions. 

 . There are thus three grand divisions in the character and uses 

 of maps. There are, first, those which aim at minute accuracy, 

 and which are . intended as documents for administrative and 

 judicial purposes, and in pursuing exact statistical investigations. 

 Secondly, there are maps which are based on less accurate 

 surveys, of countries less populous or less advanced in civilisation. 

 These are useful for military, political, and geographical purposes, 

 but are not to be relied upon to the same extent or in the same 

 way as is the case with those based on trigonometrical surveys. 

 Thirdly there are the roughly-compiled maps of little known 

 regions, which are constantly in course of improvement. The 

 regions which are only represented by such temporary maps are 

 of vast extent, and it is the task of the Royal Geographical 



R 



