246 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 



1. Facsimile 2. The original ancestor of all the Arctic maps, is 

 dent chart the famous chart of the Zeni, to illustrate their voyages 



of the Zeni. J 



(R.G.s.) in the fourteenth century, the history of which has been 

 so admirably elucidated by Mr. Major. On it we have the 

 Orkneys, Shetlands, Faroes, and Iceland, with their relative 

 positions fairly correct; Engroenland so delineated as to cause 

 bewilderment and confusion to future geographers ; and Frisland, 

 with other strange lands in the west. 



3. The Dutch were the fathers of modern geography; but much 

 of the material for their earlier maps of the far north was derived 

 from the chart of the Zeni. However, the charts of the north 

 polar regions by Hondius, given in Purchas and Pontanus, are 

 a good point of departure whence to start on our surveying 

 voyage among the gradually developing charts which have, year 

 by year, and century by century, improved and extended the 

 knowledge of our earth. If, as we proceed, we consider the 

 objects which led to new discoveries, it will be seen that Arctic 

 voyages have not only produced valuable results to science, but 

 that they have also increased the wealth and prosperity of the 

 nations which have taken part in them. 



2. The map 4. Hondius, then, who partly copies irom the still 



of Hondius,' 



from Ponta- more ancient map of the Zeni, shows us what was 



nus. (H.S.) 



3. Peter- known in the closing years of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 



- There are the coasts of Lapland to Archangel, the west 

 o n f & jBarent s c . side of Novaya Zemlya, the west and part of the north 

 4 . Gerrit de shore of Spitzbergen, discovered by the gallant Barents, 



eemap ^ ^ s tt Admiranda Navigatio " of 1596, and an indica- 



voyage of r .-, , -, 



Barents. tion of Greenland. 



5. Map of 5- Next the English explorers begin to show their 

 ?ergen,from handiwork on the charts of the day, and the quantity 

 ^Stl* of delineated Arctic coast fast increases. Purchas, in 

 1612, published a map of Spitzbergen, showing the whole western 

 and a great part of the northern coast, with the large island r. f 

 Wiche to the eastward, which afterwards disappeared from our 



