ARCTIC MAPS. 259 



35 Peter- man< 3 of an American whaler, who sailed along the 

 oTwraiSdi coast of 3. new land to the north of Siberia, called 

 a< n G.'s.f 9 ' Wrangell Land, in August, 1867, in about 70 46' N. 

 ^- e believed that a steamer might easily have made her 

 wa 7 U P either the eastern or western sides of this land, 

 and that it was inhabited. 



(R.G.s.) rpj ie g we( ji s h investigations in Spitzbergen next 



37. Swedish 



s h ?tzber c ^ m attention. They are comprised in five consecutive 

 s en - expeditions during 1858, 1861, 1864, 1868, and 1872, 



and have placed the map of that extensive archipelago on a scien- 

 tific basis. In 1868 the Swedish steamer Sophia attained the latitude 

 of 81 42' No in the meridian of 18 E. ; and the Swedes pressed 

 further east, on the north coast, than either Phipps or Parry. 



38. Peter- But it is to Professor Mohn of Christiania, who trained 

 f a Norden- P the Norwegian fishermen to observe and to report the 

 vojrageia results of their voyages, that the advancement of geo- 



l868. 



<R.G.S.) graphical knowledge in this direction is chiefly due. 

 Under his auspices, Captain Carlsen circumnavigated Spitzbergen 

 in 1863, in 1864 three Norwegian captains circumnavigated the 

 North-East Land, and in 1872 Captains Altmann and Johnsen 

 re-discovered Wiche Land. The adventurous English yachts- 

 man, Mr. B. Leigh Smith, in 1871, reached the eastern extremity 

 of North-East Land, and his observations gave it a considerable 

 eastward prolongation. He also attained a latitude of 81 24' N. 

 In the direction of Novaya Zemlya, the Norwegians have recently 



39. Peter- extended our knowledge. In 1869 Carlsen passed/ 



through Pet (Jugar) Strait, and sailed along the coast 

 of Siberia to the mouth of the Obi; in 1871 he circum- 



tracksot navigated Novaya Zemlya, while Mack, Tohannesen, 



Mack, 



Karisen, Tobicscn. and others, explored the sea of Kara, and 



&c., &c. 



(R.G.S.) Rosenthal's steamer Albert examined the Matochkin 

 Strait. 



32. In the summer of 1868 a small German expedition, led by 

 Captain Koldewey, made a trip to Spitzbergen ; and in 1869 the 



S 2 



