264 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 



mapping a large portion of the coast ; since which, the visits of 

 Captain James Clark Ross in the Erebus and Terror, Captain 

 Nares in the Challenger, and others, have contributed to our 

 knowledge of a large portion of the coast and its harbours. 



5. The practical application of the problem of Great Circle 

 Sailing led to the discoveiy of Heard and McDonald Islands by 

 gentlemen bearing those names, but Captain Heard, of the United 

 States ship Oriental, -vr^& the discoverer of the group, in November, 

 1853, and Captain McDonald, of the ship Samarang, passed them 

 two months later. Captain Nares, of the Challenger, visited the 

 islands in February, 1874, and to him we are indebted for the chart 

 exhibited. 



6. The Sandwich group are believed to have been discovered 

 in 1762, and have since been seen by various navigators. 



7. Auckland Island was discovered by Bristow in 1806. This 

 island was visited by Ross in 1840, also by the French Expedition 

 under D'Urville the year before. 



8. Campbell Island was discovered by Hazleburgh in 1810. 

 This island was also visited by Captain Ross in 1840. 



9. It may be mentioned that Captain Cook made no discoveries 

 in the southern seas, although he sailed over such a vast space ; 

 but his voyage was of this consequence, that we knew that for 

 any large tract of land we must look farther south than in the 

 parallels of latitude he sailed along. 



10. The expedition of tte Russian, Bellingshausen, in the 

 Vostok and Mirni, was, in like manner, not of so much 

 importance from its discoveries as from its non-discoveries. He, 

 like Cook, sailed through a great many degrees of longitude in a 

 high latitude in which no land was seen, although two small 

 islands, Petra and Alexander, were discovered, and those in a 

 higher latitude than any then known. 



11. In 1818 Mr. William Smith, of Blyth, re-discovered the land 

 known as South Shetland, also some land to the southward of it. 

 This discovery was confirmed by Mr. Bransfield, R.N., the master 



