MAPS OF INDIA. 269 



rymple, the Hydrographer to the East India Company from 1779 

 to 1808. He not only engraved English charts, but reproduced 

 many hundreds originally published by Van Keulen and other 

 Dutch authors (3). To the French, too, we owe much for the pro- 

 duction of the magnificent " Neptune Orientale," in the last 

 century, by D'Apres de Mannevillette. 



But as soon as the English got a footing on shore, and began to 

 extend their influence, demands arose for maps of the provinces, 

 and almost every march of an army resulted in the production of 

 a. route survey. It was under the auspices of Warren Hastings, 

 the first Governor-General, that real geographical work was com- 

 menced in India. Under him, Major Rennell was engaged 

 on a survey from 1763 to 1782, and in 1779 the famous Bengal 

 Atlas (4) was published by the East India Company, which was 

 followed in 1788 by the Map of India (5). The Map of India 

 by the great French geographer D'Arville had appeared in 1752, 

 and that of Rennell was based upon it, though enriched by much 

 new material. 



Colonel Colin Mackenzie was the initiator, in India, of topo- 

 graphical surveys based on triangulation, and was at work in the 

 Madras Presidency from 1783 to 1809 (6). At his suggestion the 

 Madras Military Institution was established under Captain Troyer, 

 and a series of surveying officers received instruction those who 

 surveyed the greater part of the peninsula of India, and executed 

 a very beautiful series of maps covering the Madras Presidency, 

 between 181 1 and 1824 (7). A large scale of survey of the Nizam's 

 Territory was also commenced in 1816, and a number of elaborate 

 maps was the result, which are graphically coloured to show the 

 tanks, irrigated and unirrigated land, and waste (8)'. These maps 

 were only partially utilised until quite lately, but the remainder 

 are now being lithographed in a style of the first excellence by 

 Mr. Trelawney Saunders (9). 



The work of Major Rennell in Bengal was followed by an 

 examination of the whole course of the Ganges, and a desire on 



