MAPS OF INDIA. 271 



one of Bundelcund, from Captain Franklin's work, and the Hima- 

 layan region, from the surveys of Hodgson and Herbert, which is 

 now superseded. 



The execution of charts from marine surveys, on a trigono- 

 metrical basis, soon followed the commencement of similar work 

 on shore. The survey of the Persian Gulf was made between 

 1820 and 1830, and in the latter year Captain Moresby com- 

 menced his famous survey of the Red Sea, which was finished in 

 1834 (15). Meanwhile, Horsburgh, the author of the East India 

 Directory, had been appointed to succeed Dalrymple, as Hydro- 

 grapher to the East India Company, in 1810, a post which he held 

 until 1836. Many valuable charts were compiled under his 

 auspices ; and Mr. John Walker, as his coadjutor and successor, 

 brought out nearly a hundred, the results of the admirable surveys 

 of the officers of the Indian Navy. 



The revenue settlement of the North- West Provinces produced 

 a demand for maps for fiscal and other administrative purposes, 

 and between 1822 and 1842 revenue maps of all the districts were 

 completed (i 6) . Within the same period the first Burmese war led 

 to the acquisition of much valuable geographical information, in 

 the direction of the north-east frontier of Bengal. Captains Bedford, 

 Wilcox, and Burlton explored the valley of the Brahmaputra in 

 1825, while Captain Pemberton surveyed Munipur and Cachar, 

 and traversed the mountains of Bhutan. All this work was em- 

 bodied in Pemberton's great map, lithographed at Calcutta in 

 1838, of the districts on the north-east frontier of India (17). 



Thus both peace and war are advantageous to Geography. In 

 the work of the revenue officer and the engineer, as in the opera- 

 tions of an army, surveys are the basis of all progress, and maps 

 are essential. 



Under Sir Andrew Waugh, from 1843 to 1861, a great impetus 

 was given to geographical work in India, and in 1851 Colonel 

 Thuillier's publication of the " Official Manual of Surveying" 

 marked an era in the history of Indian cartography. The revenue 



