272 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 



maps were extended in one direction to Arracan and the Sunder- 

 bunds, in another to the Jullundur Doab. But the most valuable 

 works completed in the time of Sir Andrew Waugh, were the 

 surveys of Kashmir and the Sind Sagar Doab, by Colonels Robin- 

 son and Montgomerie. 



Colonel Robin son's work comprised the Salt Range, and the 

 whole highland country between the rivers Indus and Jhelum ; a 

 region which is the scene of some of the exploits of Alexander the 

 Great, including Taxila, the burial-place of Bucephalus. Here, 

 too, is the line on which India has been invaded from the days 

 of Alexander to those of Nadir Shah. The country abounds in 

 strong positions, and an elaborate and accurate map is important 

 in a strategic point of view, and in facilitating public works opera- 

 tions. The map is in twenty-eight large sheets on a scale of one 

 inch to a mile. The country is most difficult to delineate. It 

 consists of elevated plateaux of marl and clay, resting in basins of 

 sandstone and limestone, supported by the Salt Range, and several 

 parallel ridges which run east and west. These ridges, some of 

 them rising like fish fins, others expanding into mountains nearly 

 ten thousand feet high, protect the surface from denudation ; but 

 the country is cut up into a series of deep and intricate ravines (18). 

 Colonel Robinson commenced this survey in 1851, and com- 

 pleted it in 1859. The maps were published by Mr. Walker, and 

 are the most beautiful specimens of his lithography (19). 



The topographical survey of Kashmir, under Colonel Mont- 

 gomerie, proceeded pari passu with the main triangulation. It is 

 an admirable piece of work, including the sketching of the wildest 

 and most inaccessible parts of the Himalayas, where the surveyors 

 had to establish stations at heights of 20,000 feet above the sea, 

 and to encounter great dangers and hardships. The maps were 

 executed with taste and skill, and published by Mr. Walker four 

 sheets on a scale of two miles, and four on a scale of four miles to 

 an inch ^20). 



In 1867 a Revenue Survey of the Madras Presidency was com- 



