274 SCIENTIFIC APPARATUS. 



English staff, the members of which are also training natives as 

 engravers. 



Colonel Walker, who has been Superintendent of the Great 

 Trigonometrical Survey of India since 1861, has combined with 

 ihe work of triangulation the execution of several valuable topo- 

 graphical surveys, and the production of maps. Under him the 

 Kashmir Survey was completed, an area of 70,000 square miles in 

 every variety of climate and scenery, and there is not a valley in 

 those wild Himalayan regions of. perpetual snow that was not 

 visited by the surveyors (26). A topographical survey of Kumaon 

 and Gurhwal was next begun (27), with large scale plans of tea 

 plantations and of hill stations. Surveys were also undertaken in 

 Kattywarand Guzerat of the Bombay Presidency (2 8), and the maps 

 have since been published (29). In 1867 the Kashmir and Ladak 

 maps were completed, and in 1868 Colonel Walker brought out a 

 valuable map of Turkestan, in four sheets, which has since gone 

 through three editions (30). His assistant, Colonel Montgomerie, 

 has also prepared a series of Trans-Frontier Maps, on a scale of 

 1 6 miles to the inch (31), containing all the most recent informa- 

 tion beyond the British frontier. They show the positions of 

 towns, villages, rivers, and mountain-passes, but omit the hills. 



In the Bombay Presidency cartography has not progressed with 

 the same steadiness and completeness, but there are maps of all 

 the districts, and a useful map of the Sholapore Collectorate has 

 recently been executed, showing by colour the various tenures 

 under which land is held (32). Colonel Laughton also completed, 

 in 1872, the great survey of the town and island of Bombay, which 

 was commenced in 1865 an area of 22 square miles. The 

 scales are ico feet to an inch for the fields and open country, 

 with 400 feet to an inch for the fort and native town (33). But 

 all the 172 sheets are of one uniform size of 3 feet by 2, and there 

 is also a reduced map in two sheets (34). 



The resumption of marine surveys is a very important measure 

 in connection with Indian cartography. Since the abolition of the 



