LECT. II.] SKELETON OF THE PftOTOTHEEIA. 55 



what we find in Serpents and Lizards, where they have their culmina- 

 tion. 



2. The skull itself has a strong and thick foundation of cartilage, 

 the ossification of which forms much of the permanent cranial box, 

 whilst the superficial bones are flat and relatively small, as in such a 

 reptile as the Lizard. 



3. The fore face has a large vallance of solid cartilage, such as 

 is not seen again, until we get down to the most archaic of the larvse 

 seen in any metamorphosing type whatever for example, in Dacty- 

 lethra capensis, in whose larval skull a similar vallance of cartilage 

 grows copiously. 



4. The lower jaw is seen, even in the adult, to be the equivalent 

 of the fore part of a Reptile's mandible, whilst the malleus (hammer- 

 bone) is manifestly the hinder part of such a mandible, and has, 

 cemented to it, a most rudimentary ear-drum bone. 



5. The anvil-bone (incus) has not taken on the normal Mammalian 

 form, but is a mere flat segment of ossified cartilage ; it is a very small 

 "quadratum" or equivalent of the hinge-segment of the Reptilian 

 mandible. 



6. The stajies (stirrup-bone) is not normal, it is merely a Reptilian 

 cohi?nella } or little column, with a dilated upper end. 



7. The shoulder-girdle is perfect, both in its complete moieties of 

 ossified cartilage, and in its superadded triple clavicular plates of simple 

 ossified membrane. 



8. The vertebrae of the spine, as a rule, are devoid of the normal 

 Mammalian bony plates that are added, fore and aft, to the body of 

 each vertebra, to take off the shock in the quick movements of high 

 and agile types. 



9. The hip-girdle repeats the so-called " pre-pubic " bars seen in 

 Salamanders and in some kinds of Skate. 



10. The organs for the growth and maturation of the germs 

 are, in essentials, quite like those of Reptiles and Birds, and there 

 is, as in them, no differentiation or subdivision of the terminal outlet. 



So that these creatures are just plucked oat of the Reptilian group 

 by their shin, with its hairy covering and its rudimentary milk- 

 glands. Severely apply to them the rule "Cucullusnonfacit Monaclmm" 

 and say "The skin does not make the beast," and back amongst the 

 Reptiles they would have to be driven. 



