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that neither Pasteur's brilliant work on fermentation, nor 

 Koch's services on anthrax and tuberculosis ; neither the 

 unreasoning enthusiasm of the French for Pasteur, nor 

 the intelligent confidence of the Germans in Koch ; 

 neither the grandiose egotism and artful dodging of the 

 former, nor the apparent personal rancor of the latter ; 

 none of these may obscure our vision in estimating the 

 value of present evidence. 



Pasteur's theory may be briefly stated as follows : 

 Since anthrax does not recur in the same individual, im- 

 munity against it as against other infectious diseases may 

 be secured by one attack ; the same effect may be ob- 

 tained as in the variola of the human subject, by a harm- 

 less inoculation with the specific virus after exposure to 

 unusual influences whereby its effect upon the animal is 

 diminished. 



To this theory Koch remarks that although some of 

 the infectious diseases occur in the same animal but 

 once, as a rule, yet no immunity is secured from others 

 by the first attack ; and adduces erysipelas, the septic dis-. 

 eases, gonorrhoea, intermittent fever, and recurrent fever, 

 as examples familiar to all ; the last-named is especially 

 interesting, because it is invariably associated with a 

 specific bacterial form the spirochaete of Obermeier 

 though final proof of the causal relation of the parasite 

 has not yet been furnished. But more than that : Koch 

 points out, by the records of Prussian veterinary surgeons, 

 that anthrax itself not infrequently occurs twice in the 

 same individual ; instances Oemler, who experimented 

 on about one hundred animals years before Pasteur be- 

 gan to work upon the subject ; and who saw horses, for 

 instance, exhibit all the symptoms of anthrax once, twice, 

 even eight times at intervals of weeks or months, after 

 inoculation with anthrax material'; quotes Jarnowsky, who 

 saw the disease occur among fifty human patients, twice 

 in one at an interval of two years ; three times in another 

 at intervals of two and three years. Loffler found that, 

 of 52 rats which were inoculated at intervals of some 

 days or weeks, with the fresh virus, 30 survived the 



