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are bent down, and the two arches thus formed are secured 

 by strings in the shape of a square ; here a net is attached, 

 and this is jammed down upon fish, as in Panjab (p. xxii), 

 Orissa, and throughout the East. Eish may be simply 

 frightened into permitting themselves to be captured : thus 

 ropes, bones, as in Orissa, cocoanut leaves, as in Malabar, 

 or other leaves, or the stalks of kurbi or jowaree, as in Bom- 

 bay (p. xlvii), or pieces of pith (solah) or light wood, as in 

 Bengal, or bundles of grass attached along their whole 

 length, and by stretching such across a stream, and constantly 

 jerking it, fish are driven into nets, or even take 

 refuge under the rivers' banks where they are captured by 

 the hand. When tanks are drying up, fish are taken in the 

 mud by the hand, as observed upon in Bombay (p. liv.). 

 Snares are universally employed, and these of most varied 

 descriptions are ('see pp. 1, lix, xciii, xciv, xcv, cxiii, 

 &c) used in rivers and nallas all the year round. Hooks 

 for fishing are not employed in some parts, as inland in 

 Orissa, or much in the hilly districts where poaching is pre- 

 ferred as easier and more killing : but there are many modes 

 of using hooks as barbarous as they are destructive. One 

 method is to fix a row of hooks on a line in a pass in a 

 hill stream (p. cl) by which many fish ascending or descend- 

 ing become foully hooked ; some are thus caught, more get 

 away horribly injured. Besides this, snagging is employed in 

 the Himalayan rivers ; in fact, such appears to have been sold 

 to the villagers in some places by the British revenue 

 authorities (p. clvi). This " right or amusement" (p. cliv), 

 which it is proposed should not be interfered with, consists 

 of arming a cord with large iron hooks at intervals of two or 

 three feet : by means of bits of wood they are retained with 

 their points uppermost. This line is thrown across a stream 

 and kept 18 inches or two feet below the surface : here it is 

 held on either bank by a man, others drive the fish towards 

 the spot, and, as one passes over this humane instrument of 

 capture, the cord is jerked for a hook to transfix the game. 

 Dexterity in the use of this line armed with hooks has 

 resulted from constant practice, and many fish are thus 

 captured. But if some are thus taken, very many more 

 are merely wounded. The poachers endeavour to hook 

 the fish by it under surface, but as may be anticipated, 

 although some hooks enter sufficiently deep to obtain 

 a firm hold of the abdominal walls, such is by no means 

 invariably the case. The struggles of the wounded creature 



