70 RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE OF ANIMALS AND MAN 



tions necessary to produce a measurable inhibition of oxidations in cells 

 are several times larger than those necessary to bring about narcosis 

 or to stop the segmentation of sea urchin eggs (Warburg [1910]). 



It has been observed repeatedly (Boeck and Bauer [1874], Fubini 

 [1881], Grehant [1882], Rumpf [1884], Dreser [1898], Impens [1899]) 

 that substances such as morphine, chloral, codeine, etc., had a de- 

 pressing influence upon the respiratory exchange, but in these experi- 

 ments the necessary precautions were not observed in so far as 

 standard conditions were not secured before the drugs were adminis- 

 tered. Loewy [1891] found on man that the respiratory exchange in 

 the narcotic sleep, after morphine or chloral, was either identical with 

 that during natural sleep (or willed muscular inactivity) or only so 

 much lower as would correspond to the decrease in pulmonary venti- 

 lation caused by morphine. Krogh [1914] has observed that the 

 respiratory exchange was the same in frogs narcotized with ethyl- 

 urethane as in curarized frogs and also in normal frogs at low tempera- 

 tures, when the animals remain quiet. Ege and Krogh [1914] found that 

 a gold-fish which was very quiet at all temperatures showed the same 

 oxygen absorption when under urethane as in the normal condition. 

 Loeb and Wasteneys [1913, I, 2] found that chloroform or urethane 

 in narcotic doses had no effect on embryonic fishes and medusae. 



2. Lipoid-insoluble substances. 



Chloride of sodium. Tangl [191 1] found in experiments on curar- 

 ized dogs, the metabolism of which was studied in a long series of 

 short experiments, that the injection of sodium chloride (usually 100 

 to 150 c.c. of 5 per cent. NaCl) in animals of about 7 kg. produced a 

 considerable rise in the metabolism lasting several hours, and varying 

 in amount between I 5 and 39 per cent, of the standard. I quote as 

 an example his exp. XV. on a dog weighing 5800 gr : 



TABLE IV. 



Both kidneys removed before experiment. 



From 11-45 to I2 '3 I injection of 145 c.c. of 5 per cent. NaCl into the jugular vein. 



