8 THE HAKVETAN ORATION. 1894. 



For Sharpey was above all a teacher, and his work was 

 written not with pen and ink on paper or parchment, but was 

 engraved upon the hearts and minds of his pupils and his 

 friends. Upon two of these, especially, has Sharpey 's mantle 

 fallen, and to Burdon Sanderson and Michael Foster w^e owe a 

 revival of experimental physiology in this country, a revival of 

 the method which Harvey not only used in making his great 

 discovery, but also employed to demonstrate the truth of it to 

 the rulers of this land. By their writings, by their lectures, by 

 their original experiments, by their demonstrations, and by the 

 pupils they have trained, Burdon Sanderson and Michael Foster, 

 under the auspices of Acland and Humphry, have diffused 

 amongst the medical men of this country a knowledge of 

 physiology so extensive and exact as could only be found, before 

 their time, amongst those who had made a special study of the 

 subject. Yet more than to them, more than to anyone else 

 since the time of Harvey, do we owe our present knowledge of 

 the circulation to Carl Ludwig. He it is who first enabled the 

 pressure of blood in the arteries to record its own variations 

 automatically, so that alterations could be noticed and measured 

 which were too rapid or too slight to be detected by the eye. 

 To him, also, we owe the plan of artificial circulation by which 

 the changes in the functions of the organs and in the vessels 

 which supply them can be observed, quite apart from the heart, 

 lungs, or from the nervous system. 



Like Sharpey, Ludwig is a great teacher, and, like the great 

 architects of the Middle Ages, who built the wonderful 

 cathedrals which all admire, but whose builder's name no man 

 knows, Ludwig has been content to sink his own name in his 

 anxiety for the progress of his work, and in his desire to aid 

 his pupils. The researches which have appeared under these 

 pupils' names have been in many instances, perhaps in most, 

 not only suggested by Ludwig, but carried out experimentally 

 with his own hands, and the paper which recorded the 

 results finally written by himself. In the papers which have 

 appeared under his pupils' names we find their obligation 

 to the master recorded in such terms as " unter Mitwirkuno^.'* 



