RELATION OF LARYNX TO MOVEMENTS. 635 



are used for holding food and conveying it to the mouth. We 

 might therefore expect that the false vocal cords would be 

 strongly developed. But the fore limbs are small and weak, 

 and very slight muscular effort is employed in the movements 

 just mentioned. The fact that in these animals tlie ventricular 

 bands are absent, is, therefore, very much what might have been 

 expected. In the solipedes they are also absent. In the pig 

 they are rounded; and there is a shallow ventricle in the 

 hedgehog. They are present, but small, in the llama, and in 

 the camel they are fairly well marked. In the dog the true 

 cords are well developed and broad ; the ventricular bands are 

 not strong or prominent, but the ventricle of Morgagni is deep. 

 In the wolf the ventricle is also deep and large. In the lion 

 and tiger the ventricular bands are prominent and well detached 

 from the walls of the larynx. In the cat they are not large ; 

 and they are very fine instead of beino- thick as in the lion. In 

 the three-toed sloth they are well developed. In the bear, in 

 which the closure of the glottis would require to be specially 

 strong, from its habit of climbing trees and destroying its 

 enemies by hugging, the arrangement of the ventricular bands 

 is very remarkable ; the vocal cords are capable of being raised 

 until they and the ventricular bands are nearly at the same 

 level, and the opening between them is directed towards the 

 epiglottis from which the false cords are but little separated. 

 During the closure of the glottis the cushion of the epiglottis 

 will, therefore, to a considerable extent, be directed against the 

 opening of the ventricles, and the glottis will, we should think, 

 be closed with very great firmness. 



We have, however, not seen any specimen of the larynx of 

 the bear, and these considerations are drawn only from the 

 description which we have read. 



In the howling monkey the ventricular bands are well 

 developed. 



Our own experiments were made upon the fresh larynx of 

 the sheep, of the dog, of the cat, of the ape, and of man. 



The experiments were made by fixing a T-cannula in the 

 trachea below the larynx. The lower arm was connected with 

 a bellows, and the side branch with a water or mercurial 



