38 



MUSEUM OF ANIMATED NATURE. 



[Monkeys. 



degree than anrthin^ potitive. In the Macaques, 

 or Macaci, the body is stouter, the head larger in 

 proportion, the limbs more muscular, and the tail 

 shorter than in the Guenons. The muzzle is heavy ; 

 the forehead is flattened behind a bold superciliary 

 ridge; the callosities are lar^e, and mostly sur- 

 rounded by a naked space of skin. There are ample 

 cheek-pouches, and Cuvier states that a laryngal 

 sac ia always present. The last molar of the lower 

 jaw has a iifth tubercle, and the molai-s are broad 

 (see Fig. 160). The tail is variable : in some it is of 

 considerable length, and in these the general form 

 approaches to that of the Guenons. In others again 

 it M short and slender ; and in others it is reduced to 

 a mere tubercle. The ears are angular. The Ma- 

 caci are all natives of Asia. Like the Guenons, 

 which they seem to represent, the long-tailed species 

 tenant the forest in troops, and are remarkable for 

 activity and impudence. Emboldened by tolerance, 

 they become in many places very audacious, pil- 

 laging the garden and fields of grain, and their 

 rapacity is seconded by address and cunning. 



161. — The Toquk, or Radiated Macaqu* 



(Macacus radiatus). This species is the Bonnet 

 Chinois of Buffon ; the Simla binica of Gmelim ; the 

 Toque of F. Cuvier. 



The forehead is abruptly depressed behind the 

 superciliary ridge, which is very bold ; the skin of 

 the forehead is transversely wrinkled, and covered 

 with short hairs, diverging laterally on each side 

 from the middle longitudinal line. These hairs are 

 continued round the temples, following the projec- 

 tion of the superciliary ridge, and occupying the 

 space before the ears. A circular cap of rather long 

 hair radiating from the centre is seated flat on the 

 crown. The muzzle is prominent, and the physiog- 

 nomy malicious ; the form is robust ; the tail long. 

 The general colour is greenish olive-grey, the hairs 

 being annulated with dusky-black and pale yellow ; 

 the under surface is ashy-white ; the ears are large 

 and flesh-coloured, with straggling long grey hairs. 

 The limbs are of a paler tint than the back. The 

 sides of the face and throat are thinly clad with 

 greyish hairs ; the naked skin of the face is of a 

 tanned flesh-colour. 



The Toque is one of the commonest of the Ma- 

 caques in our menageries, and appears to be widely 

 distributed throughout India. It is found in Mala- 

 bar. It inhabits the Western Ghauts, where it is 

 called Waanur by the Mahrattas: it is abundant in 

 Madras, and even in the southern regions of Nepal. 

 In the Mahratta country portions of the mighty 

 forest are, as Mr. Elliot states, left untouched by the 

 axe or knife, forming an impervious shade for the 

 growth of the black pepper, cai°damom, and mari- 

 palm (Caryota urens). These parts, called kans, 

 are the favourite resort of wild animals: here the 

 Entellus abounds, and its loud and piercing cries 

 may be frequently heard sounding through the dense 

 foliage : the radiated Macaque, also, which is com- 

 mon over the whole country, may be seen in troops, 

 tenanting the wildest jungles. It is not, however, 

 confined to these woodland recesses : it lives, as if 

 at home, in the most populous towns, where it 

 carries off fruit and grain with the greatest coolness 

 and address, and commits incessant petty depreda- 

 tions. The examples of this species which we have 

 seen in captivity, have been all remarkable for intel- 

 ligence and activity, and equally so for petulance 

 when young, and irascibility — even ferocity — when 

 adult. We have seen them display every mark of 

 rage against persons who did not appear to give any 

 definite offence. Numbers of these animals are 

 kept in the Hindoo temples, where they are exceed- 

 ingly jealous of intruders of any other species, which 

 they drive forth from their asylum with the utmost 

 hostility, a circumstance witnessed by M. de Mai- 

 8onpr£ in the enclosures of the pagodas of Cherinan. 



162. — The Bbuhdeb, or Rhesus 



(Macacus Rhesus). This is the Patas a queue courte 

 of Buffon ; the Maimon, or Rhesus, of F. Cuvier. 



The general colour of the fur is olive-green, with 

 a wash of brown on the back ; the crupper and 

 thighs externally orange-red ; the face orange- 

 red ; the callosities and naked skin around intense 

 red. The tail short. The skin of the throat and 

 abdomen is loose, and usually hangs in folds. 

 The Bhunder is a native of India, and is very abun- 

 dant on the banks of the Ganges, being greatly 

 reverenced by the Hindoos. It swarms not only in 

 the woods, but in towns and villages, tenanting the 

 tops of the houses. It would appear from the account 

 of Mr. Johnson, in his ' Indian Field Sports,' that in 

 some places ample provision is made for the support 

 of these animals. At Bindrabun, a town near the 

 holy city of Muttra, more than a hundred gardens 

 are cultivated, sind all kinds of fruit grown, at the 

 expense of pious and wealthy natives, for their 

 sipply. Not content with remaining outside the 

 houses, they boldly invade the rooms and steal 

 everything that tempts them, such as bread, sugar, 



fruit, &c., ransacking every place in their search. 

 To injure one is not only to bring down the ven- 

 geance of the whole host, but, vvhat is more, of 

 the besotted natives, as was experienced by two 

 younp officers who imprudently fired while on a 

 sporting excursion at one of these monkeys. They 

 were mounted on an elephant, and no sooner 

 was the profane assault committed than the in- 

 habitants of Bindrabun rose incensed to the 

 highest degree: they pelted the gentlemen and the 

 elephant with bricks and stones, and drove them 

 into the river : the two officers and the driver were 

 drowned ; but the elephant landed about six miles 

 lower down the river, and was saved. In the dis- 

 trict of Cooch Bahar a large tract of country is con- 

 sidered by the natives as in part the property of 

 these monkeys ; and therefore, when they cut the 

 grain, they leave a tenth part piled in heaps for 

 these creatures, which come' down from the hills and 

 carry off' their allotted tithes. 



In captivity the Rhesus, or Bhunder, displays 

 cunning and sagacity ; but is at the same time ob- 

 stinate, savage, and irascible. 



163, 164.— The Wanderoo 



(Macacus Silemis). Ouanderou and Lowando, Buf- 

 fon ; Lion-tailed Baboon, Pennant and Shaw. 



The general colour of this species is black ; the 

 tail is of moderate length and tufted at the tip ; the 

 face is encircled by a mane of long hairs of a 

 whitish or light ash colour, sometimes pure white ; 

 the face is black ; the callosities flesh-coloured. 



This large and powerful Macaque is a native of 

 Malabar and Ceylon. Knox, in his historical rela- 

 tion of Ceylon, evidently describes this animal. 

 They are, he says, " as large as our English spaniel 

 dogs, of a darkish grey colour, with black faces, and 

 great white beards from ear to ear, which make 

 them show just like old men. They do but little 

 mischief, keeping in the woods, eating only leaves 

 and buds of trees ; but when they are caught they 

 will eat anything. This sort they call in their lan- 

 guage Wanderows." 



In captivity, judging from the specimens we 

 have seen, the Wanderoo is surly and unsocial, and 

 disposed to tyrannise over the other inmates of its 

 compartment. Of its manners in a state of nature 

 we have no detailed account. 



Genus Cynocephalus. In the massive Baboons 

 composing this genus we find the characters of the 

 Macaques exaggerated, so to speak, to their ultima- 

 tum, and consequently impressing us with an idea 

 of degradation m the scale ; we recognise an ap- 

 proach in form and aspect to the Carnivora, and on 

 reflection appreciate the distance to which we have 

 receded from the Chimpanzee. 



Of large stature and prodigious force, the Baboons, 

 though never voluntarily assuming an erect atti- 

 tude, are to a great degree terrestrial, inhabiting 

 rocky and mountain districts, rather than forests 

 and woodlands. The head is heavy, not from cra- 

 nial development, but from that of the face, which 

 is prolonged and thick, resembling that of a mastiff, 

 the muzzle being truncated, and the nostrils at its 

 extremity. 



The maxillary bones are more or less swollen, 

 and the superciliary ridge beetles over the scowling 

 eyes, giving an expression of brutal and revolting 

 ferocity. 



The neck and shoulders are voluminous ; the 

 chest is deep, and the great power and equal pro- 

 portions of the limbs are favourable for quadrupedal 

 movements. They climb trees with facility, but 

 prefer craggy rocks and precipices, among which 

 they dwell in security. In temper they are morose 

 and daring, and their physical powers render them 

 formidable. It is only during youth that they are 

 tractable. They congregate in troops, and are bold 

 and skilful in their predatory excursions. 



To bulbous roots, berries, and grain, the Baboons 

 add eggs, scorpions, and insects, as their diet ; nor is 

 it quite clear that they are not carnivorous as well 

 as herbivorous. In domestication they relish cooked 

 meat, and even devour raw flesh with avidity. They 

 do not arrive at maturity till the seventh or eighth 

 year of their age. 



All the Baboons are African : one indeed, the 

 Hamadryas, is found in the mountain districts of 

 Arabia, as well as in those of Abyssinia, and was 

 well known to the Egyptians. 



165, 166, 167.— The Chacma 



(Cynocephalus porcarius). The Singe Noir of Le 

 Vaillant ; the Choak-Kama of Kolbe ; Papio Coma- 

 tus, Geoffroy. About the shoulders and neck the 

 hairs are long and mane-like ; the general colour is 

 grizzled dusky black, with a tinge of olive-green ; 

 the face is black, with a hue of violet ; the upper 

 eyelids are white ; the tail descends to the hock- 

 joint, and is carried arched yet drooping down, as 

 in Figs. 166 and 167. The male attains the size 

 of a large mastiff, and is very formidable. Length 



of adult nearly 3 feet, exclusive of the tail, which 

 measures about 27 inches. 



The terra Chacma is a corruption of the Hottentot 

 name T'chacamma for this species, which inhabits 

 the rocky mountains throughout the colony of the 

 Cape of Good Hope, where, in the remoter districts, 

 it is very abundant, and well known to the farmers 

 from the depredations it commits in their cultivated 

 enclosures. In its mountain fastnesses it is safe 

 from pursuit, and troops may be frequently seen on 

 the overhanging rocks gazing at the traveller as he 

 traverses the mountain passes. 



An old male Chacma is more than a match for 

 two large dogs ; and the boors of the interior will 

 rather venture their hounds upon a lion or panther 

 than one of these animals. Yet to no animal do the 

 dogs show a more inveterate hostility. Burchell 

 states that on one occasion a small company of 

 them, being chased by his dogs, suddenly turned 

 upon their canine foes and defended themselves 

 most effectually. They killed one dog on the spot 

 by biting it through the great blood-vessels of the 

 neck, and disabled another by laying bare its ribs. 

 Even the leopard, hyaena, or wild-dog is sometimes 

 mastered by a troop, though the former, surprising 

 individuals, destroys numbers. 



The devotion of the females to their young is very 

 great, and in their defence they are ready to brave 

 every danger. 



The food of the Chacma consists in a great mea- 

 sure of bulbous roots, particularly of the Babiana ; 

 and it is customary for the troops to descend from 

 the precipices into the secluded valleys of rich allu- 

 vial soil where these plants luxuriate. When sud- 

 denly surprised, the cry of alarm is raised, and the 

 troop ascend the rocky cliffs, often several hundred 

 feet in perpendicular height, with surprising agility, 

 the young clinging to their mothers, and the old 

 males bringing up the rear. Besides bulbs and 

 grain, they are fond of eggs, and greedily devour 

 scorpions, which they seize, nipping off the sting 

 with so rapid an action as to prevent the hands 

 from being wounded. In captivity, while young, 

 the Chacma is good-tempered and frolicsome, but 

 as age advances it becomes savage and dangerous. 



168. — The M.^-ndbiu- 



{Cynocephalus Mormon). Le Choras, Buffon ; Man- 

 tegar, Bradley ; Great Baboon, Pennant ; Variegated 

 Baboon, Lev. Mus. ; Ribbed-nosed Baboon, Pen- 

 nant ; Simla Mormon and Maimon, Linn. 



Adult male. General colour olive-brown, pass- 

 ing into whitish in the under parts ; a golden-yellow 

 beard hangs from the chin ; the hair of the forehead 

 and temples converges to a peak ; skin round the 

 callosities red. The nostrils have a broad rim around 

 them, at the extremity of the muzzle ; the tail is 

 short, and nearly hid by the fur. The cheek-bones 

 are enormously swollen, rising like two ridges, and 

 the skin is obliquely marked with deep furrows ; 

 its colour is a fine blue, with a tinge of scarlet in 

 the furrows ; a streak of brilliant vermillion, com- 

 mencing on the beetling superciliary ridge, runs 

 down the nose, and is diffused over the muzzle. 

 Ears, palms, and soles violet black. In the female 

 the cheeks are less swollen, and the scarlet is pale 

 or wanting. In the young the cheeks are little if at 

 all swollen, the furrows barely discernible, and the 

 colour black. It is not until the fourth or fifth 

 year, when the second dentition is fully complete, 

 that the characters of maturity are assumed ; and to 

 this point there is a gradual progress, the bones of 

 the face developing, the colour of the skin chang- 

 ing, the muzzle becoming broader and thicken and 

 the furrows more marked. 



This massive, powerful, and ferocious baboon is 

 of huge size, and very dangerous. It is a native of 

 Guinea and other parts of western Africa, where it 

 is greatly dreaded by the natives, who assert that it 

 frequently attempts to cany oft' women into the 

 deep forests where it resides, and occasionally suc- 

 ceeds. However this may be, certain it is that in 

 captivity the appearance of a female will excite in 

 the mandrill unequivocal manifestations of brute 

 passion, and any attention to her the most furious 

 jealousy. 



In its native forests the mandrill associates in 

 large troops, which are more than a match for the 

 fiercest beasts of prey, and often make incursions 

 into villages and cultivated fields, which they plun- 

 der with impunity. In their movements on the 

 ground they are quadrupedal ; but their activity is 

 very great, and they leap and climb with the "ut- 

 most facility. Their voice is deep and guttural, 

 consisting of hoarse, abrupt tones, indicative of fury 

 or malice. That the species is abundant in western 

 Africa is proved by the numbers of young indivi- 

 duals brought from time to time to Europe ; these 

 however very rarely attain to maturity, the period of 

 dentition, which is accompanied by such marked 

 changes, being peculiarly critical. In captivity this 

 baboon is ferocious and malevolent ; one in the pos- 

 session of Mr. Wombwell killed a monkey, a beagle, 



