340 ZOOLOGY 



quality of drawing paper. Tablets made of unglazed drawing paper, 

 about eight inches by ten inches, are recommended. 1 Where loose 

 sheets are employed they must be bound at the end of the course. 

 The drawings should be made with pencil of a hardness (HHI1 or 

 HHHH) appropriate to the paper, and kept well sharpened. The 

 use of colored crayons or water colors is to be discouraged. Few 

 pupils can employ shading to advantage. Students are to be in- 

 structed that pencil lines should represent boundaries of structures. 

 The names of the parts represented must be designated and should 

 be the simplest applicable. 



Records of experiments, answers to "Questions on External 

 Anatomy," comparisons drawn, and other written exercises should 

 be brief. They should not be made upon the same sheets with the 

 drawings, but either in a separate note-book or on sheets of the same 

 size as the drawing sheets and eventually bound up with them. 2 



Observations on the living animal. The experiments upon living 

 animals, especially such as involve reactions to stimuli, should be 

 repeated two or three times, since the first response of the animal 

 may be abnormal or irregular. 



Topics for further study. Under this heading there are given in 

 each exercise suggestions for oral instruction by the teacher, or for 

 reading and recitation on the part of the pupil, in connection with 

 the laboratory work on the type. The teacher will find aid from the 

 larger text-books, encyclopedias, systematic works, and compendia of 

 Natural History. [The accompanying text-book is fitted especially to 

 these Topics.] 



Excursions. The teacher is urged to undertake, so far as prac- 

 ticable, excursions with his pupils to localities where the organisms 

 studied in the laboratory and their allies can be seen in their natural 

 environment. The student should be encouraged to collect and study 

 insects, mollusks, and other invertebrates, and to make observations 

 on their habits. Directions for collecting various kinds of animals 



1 [Boyer's Science Tablets, made by the Central School Supply Company, 

 Chicago, are convenient.] 



2 The Harvard requirement says: The laboratory work should be done 

 under the immediate supervision of the teacher, so that he can certify that the 

 drawings and written work are the pupil's own. 



