SYNOPSIS OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM 389 



[VERTEBRATA-CRANIATA] 



Free-living Chordata, with skull and complex brain, and red blood. 



CYCLOSTOMI. Eel-like vertebrates without lower jaw, and living 

 a parasitic life (245). 



PISCES. Aquatic vertebrates with gills, without lungs, and with 

 paired fins instead of legs. SELACHII, skeleton cartilaginous, no 

 operculum, spiral valve (246). GANOIDEI, skeleton either cartilagi- 

 nous or bony, spiral valve and operculum present : sturgeons (247) ; 

 spoon-bill (247); garpike (248) ; bowfin (248). TELEOSTEI, skeleton 

 bony, no spiral valve. [ACANTHOPTERI], dorsal, anal, and ventral fins 

 with spines, pharyngeal bones distinct : perches (235) ; darters (234) ; 

 sunfishes (235) ; toadfishes (236) ; sculpins (236) ; silversides (236) ; 

 sticklebacks (238). [PHARYNGOGNATHI] fins with spines, pharyngeal 

 bones united. [ANACANTHINI], fins without spines, ventral fins far 

 forward : codfishes (239) ; flatfishes (240). [PHYSOSTOMI], fins with- 

 out spines, ventral fin placed far backward : smelts (230) ; trouts (233) ; 

 whitefishes (234); catfishes (239); suckers (241); minnows (242); 

 pikes (242) ; shads (243); eels (244). [PLECTOGNATHI], intermaxil- 

 laries and maxillaries united. [LOPHOBRANCHII], body covered with 

 bony plates : pipefishes (244). 



AMPHIBIA (= Batrachia). Vertebrata having no lateral fins (but 

 instead, legs) ; functional external gills during a part of their life. 

 URODELA. Amphibia which retain the tail permanently: Sirenidce 

 (255); Proteidce (257); Amphiumidce (257); Cryptobranchidce (257); 

 Amblystomidce (257); Plethodontidce (259); Desmognathidce (259). 

 Pleurodelidce (254). ANURA, Amphibia which lose the tail in the 

 adult stage : Pipidce (263) ; Hylidce (263) ; Bufonidce (265) ; Ranidce 

 (265). GYMNOPHIONA, Amphibia which have no limbs nor tails; 

 body worm-like. 



REPTILIA. Vertebrata which breathe exclusively by lungs and 

 whose skin contains horny epidermal scales or bony plates. CHELONIA, 

 trunk enclosed in a bony case : Chelonidce (274) ; Trionychidce (274) ; 

 Testudinidce (275). SAURIA, shoulder-girdle and sternum present, 

 usually with eyelids : Chamceleonidce (272) ; lyuanidce (268) ; Varanidce 

 (269); Lacertidce (270); Helodermidce (270); Anguidce (271). OPHI- 

 DIA, footless scaled reptiles with no shoulder-girdle, sternum, nor 



