CONTENTS xi 



(B) PHYSIOGRAPHICAL 



PACK 



I. Terrestrial Faunas . . . . . .82 



II. Fluviatile and Lacustrine Faunas . . . 83 



III. Marine Faunas . . . . . .86 



IV. Fossils as Evidence of Climate . . . .88 



CHAPTER V 



BIOLOGICAL PALAEONTOLOGY 



I. Phylogeny and Morphogeny . . . .90 



II. Post-Larval Ontogeny and Morphogeny . . 95 



III. Specialization and Regression . . 100 



IV. Acceleration and Retardation . . . 106 

 V. The Life-Curve ... . 113 



PART II. HISTORICAL BIOLOGY 

 CHAPTER I 



PRE-CAMBRIAN FAUNAS . .119 



CHAPTER II 



LOWER PALAEOZOIC FAUNAS 



A. General Account . . . . . .124 



B. Protozoa ....... 127 



C. Porifera . . . . . . .128 



D. Coelenterata . . . . . . .129 



E. Echinodermata . . . . .132 



F. Polyzoa .... . 139 



G. Brachiopoda ... . . 140 



H. Mollusca . . . . . . -143 



K. Arthropoda .... .148 



CHAPTER III 

 UPPER PALAEOZOIC FAUNAS 



A. General Account .... . 154 



B. Protozoa . . . . . . . 157 



C. Porifera . . .158 



