March 5, 1896 J 



NATURE 



427 



i^xtension of University Teaching, £,\ \oo ; Middle-Class 

 Schools Corporation (now Central Foundation Schools of 

 London), ;^2 500; National Association for Promotion of Technical 

 Kducation, 2^150; Bedford College (Physical and Chemical 

 . iboratories), ^125; Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel, ;i^i25 ; 

 - icietyof Arts, ;^504 ; Royal Architectural Museum ^nd School 

 oi Art, £\a,2 ; Bethnal Green Free Library, ;i{^i4i ; Recreative 

 Evening Schools Association, £S4^ > Froebel Educational 

 Institute, ;^ioo ; Parmiter Foundation School, ^^loo ; University 

 Settlement, Bermondsey, £2$ ; Paloeontographical Society, ;^2i ; 

 Onslow College of Science, ^250 — making a total of ^101,178. 

 To scientific institutions in the provinces the grants for building 

 equipment and general purposes amount to : — Yorkshire College, 

 Leeds (textile industries, dyeing, and art departments, wholly 

 founded and maintained by the Company), ;i^34,oco ; Bradford 

 Technical College, £43$*^ ! Huddersfield Technical School, 

 ^2000 ; Halifax Technical School, ;i^2ioo ; Keighley Technical 

 School, ^'1300 ; Dewsbury Technical School, ;,^825 ; Salt 

 Science and Art Technical School, Shipley, ^825 ; Bingley 

 Technical School, ^^350 ; Batley Technical School, ;^250 ; 

 Holmfirth Technical School, ^^250 ; Ossett Technical School, 

 ;^200 ; Wakefield Technical School, ;^ICX5. In addition to this, 

 the Company grant to these institutions annually for maintenance 

 a sum amounting to about ;^4000. 



It is interesting to compare with the grants named in the 

 foregoing, the estimate which the Technical Education Board 

 of the London County Council have just submitted to the 

 Finance Committee of the Council, as to the sum required by 

 them for the year ending March 31, 1897. The net probable 

 expenditure will amount to ^120,000, of which ;,f9cxx) is for the 

 equipment and ;/^i6,ooo the maintenance of technical depart- 

 ments of polytechnics. The other items are ^9680 for 

 Shoreditch, Wandsworth, and other technical schools, ;if20,ooo 

 for technical departments of public secondary day schools 

 (including allowance for the fees of the Board's county scholars 

 ^^70,500), ;^4000 for higher education, ;i^26,o7o for county 

 scholarships, ;^ 14,440 for art teaching (including art scholar- 

 ships), ^{^8985 for science teaching (including science exhibitions 

 and pioneer lectures, technology, and manual instruction), 

 ;,{^4200 for domestic economy, £1500 for commercial subjects, 

 ;^ioc)0 for museums, and ;i^5550 for expenses of administration 

 (including cost of inspection). In 1893-94 the Board's expendi- 

 ture was ;^46,ooo, in 1894-95 ;^63,ooo, and in 1895-96 ;,^9i,ocx5. 

 The chief causes of the increase are assigned to the development 

 of the board's scholarship system, which has nearly reached its 

 limit, and is costing nearly ^40,000 per annum ; the increase in 

 the amount of evening educational work carried on in accordance 

 with the Board's regulations, and therefore eligible for the 

 Board's grants ; the very great increase in the number of students 

 who are studying science practically, as shown by the recent report 

 of the Board's science inspector, and the consequent expenditure 

 incurred in equipping and maintaining laboratories ; the opening 

 of new polytechnics, and the development of the technical 

 departments of other polytechnics, and the establishment of new 

 institutions. 



In one respect the Livery Companies are in advance of the 

 Technical Education Board, and that is in the encouragement 

 given to research. The funds of the Technical Education 

 Board are used to create and foster classes and institutions con- 

 cerned with technical instruction, and probably the Board does 

 not feel at liberty to give any direct assistance to research in the 

 way that some of the Companies are doing. But, at the same 

 time, the Board is doing work which should eventually result in 

 an increase in the ranks of investigators, and it is to be hoped 

 that the time is not far distant when the polytechnics will make 

 those contributions to knowledge which are the only sure 

 indications of scientific advancement. 



ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 



A T the meeting of the Zoological Society on Tuesday, Mr. 

 -'^ P. L. Sclater, F. R. S. , introfluced a discussion on the follow- 

 ing rules for the scientific naming of animals, compiled by the 

 < ierman Zoological Society. 



A. General Rules. 

 (i) Zoological nomenclature includes extinct as well as recent 

 animals, but has no relation to botanical names. 



NO. 1375, VOL. 53] 



(2) Only such scientific names can be accepted as are pub- 

 lished in print, in connection with a clear description either by 

 words or figures. 



(3) Scientific names must be in Latin. 



(4) Names of the same origin and only differing from each 

 other in the way they are written are to be considered identical. 



(5) Alterations in names otherwise valid are only permitted 

 in accordance with the requirements of Sections 13 and 22, and 

 further for the purpose of purely orthographical correction 

 when the word is without doubt wrongly written or incorrectly 

 transcribed. Such alterations do not affect the authorship of 

 the name. 



(6) Of the various permissible names for the same conception 

 only the one first published is valid (Law of Priority). 



(7) The application of the Law of Priority begins with the 

 tenth edition of Linmxius's " Systema Naturte" (1758). 



(8) When by subsequent authors a systematic conception is 

 extended or reduced, the original name is nevertheless to be 

 regarded as permissible. 



(9) The author of a scientific name is he who has first proposed 

 it in a permissible form. If the author's name is not known, 

 the title of the publication must take its place. 



(10) If the name of the author is given it should follow the 

 scientific name without intervening sign. In all cases in which 

 a second author's name is used a comma should be placed 

 before it. 



(11) Class [c/asst's), Order {ordo). Family {familia). Genus 

 {genus), and Species (species) are conceptions descending in rank 

 one after the other, and are to be taken in the order here given. 

 These terms should not be employed in a contrary or capricious 

 relation or order. 



B. Rules kor Designating Si'ecies. 



(12) Every species should be designated by one generic and 

 one specific name (binary nomenclature). 



(13) The specific name, which should be treated always as 

 one word, should depend grammatically upon the generic name. 



(14) The same specific name can only be used once in the 

 same genus. 



(15) In the case of a species being subdivided, the original 

 name is to be retained for the species which contains the form 

 originally described. In doubtful cases the decision of the 

 author who makes the separation shall be followed. 



(16) When various names are proposed for the same species 

 nearly at the same date, so that the priority cannot be ascer- 

 tained, the decision of the first author that points out the 

 synonym should be followed. 



(17) In the case of species with a cycle of generation ot 

 different forms, the specific term must be taken from an adult 

 form capable of reproduction. In these cases, as also in species 

 in which polymorphy occurs, the Law of Priority must be 

 observed. 



(18) The author of the specific name is the author of the 

 species. 



(19) The author's name should be placed in brackets when 

 the original generic name is replaced by another. 



(20) Hybrids should be designated either by a horizontal cross 

 between the parents' names, or by these names being placed 

 one above the other with a line between. The parents' sexes 

 should be stated, when known. The name of the describer of 

 the hybrid should be added, preceded by a comma. 



C. Rules for the Names ok Subspecies and other 



DiVERCJENCES KROM TVI'ICAL Si'EClES OR SUBSPECIES. 



(21) When constant local forms, varieties, strains, &c., require 

 special names, these names should be placed after the specific 

 name. The rules for such names are the same as those for 

 specific names. 



D. Rules for tiENEKu; Names. 



(22) Names of genera should be substantives, and of the 

 singular number. They should be one word and be written 

 with a large initial letter. If a suljgenus is used, its name 

 (which follows the same rules as a generic name) should be 

 given in brackets after the generic name. 



(23) A generic name is only valid when a known or a 

 sufficiently characterised species (or several species) is referred 

 to it, or when a sufficient diagnosis of it is given. 



(24) The same generic name can only be employed once in 



