36 Heredity and Environment 



structure as well as function; that neither of these precedes the 

 other as cause precedes effect, though each may modify or condi- 

 tion the other, but that they are two aspects of one common 

 thing, viz., organization. In the same way I think that the body 

 or brain is not the cause of mind, nor mind the cause of body or 

 brain, but that both are inherent in one common organization or 

 individuality. 



In asserting that the mind develops from the germ as the body 

 does, no attempt is made to explain the fundamental properties 

 of body or mind. As the structures of the body may be traced 

 back to certain fundamental structures of the germ cell, so the 

 characteristics of the mind may be traced back to certain funda- 

 mental properties and activities of the germ. Many of the 

 psychical processes may be traced back in their development to 

 properties of sensitivity, reflex motions, and persistence of the 

 effects of stimuli. All organisms manifest these properties and 

 for aught we know to the contrary they may be original and 

 necessary characteristics of living things. In the simplest proto- 

 plasm we find organization, that is, structure and function, and in 

 germinal protoplasm we find the elements of the mind as well as 

 of the body, and the problem of the ultimate relation of the two 

 is the same whether we consider the organism in its germinal 

 or in its adult stage. 



GERMINAL BASES OF MIND 



In some way the mind as well as the body develops out of the 

 germ. What are the germinal bases of mind ? What are the psy- 

 chical Anlagen in embryos and how do they develop? In this 

 case, even more than in the development of the body, we are 

 compelled to rely upon comparisons between human development 

 and that of other animals, but the great principle of the oneness of 

 life, as respects its fundamental processes, has never yet failed 

 to hold true and will not fail us here. In the study of the psy- 

 chical processes of organisms other than ourselves we are com- 

 pelled to rely upon a study of their activities, their reactions to 



