72 Heredity and Environment 



Woods has collected data concerning "Heredity in Royalty" 

 which seem to show that very high or low grades of intellect and 

 morality may be traced through the royal families of Europe for 

 several generations. Extensive study of certain families in which 

 an extraordinary number of feeble-minded, degenerate, and crim- 

 inal individuals have appeared, seems to demonstrate that moral 

 and social qualities are also inherited. One recalls in this con- 

 nection the famous, or rather infamous, "Jukes", "Kalikaks", 

 "Nams", and "Ishmaels", these names being pseudonymns for 

 notoriously bad families whose traits have been followed through 

 several generations. 



The general tendency of recent work on heredity is unmistak- 

 able, whether it concerns man or lower animals. The entire or- 

 ganism, consisting of structures and functions, body and mind, 

 develops out of the germ, and the organization of the germ deter- 

 mines all the possibilities of development of the mind no less than 

 of the body, though the actual realization of any possibility is 

 dependent also upon environmental stimuli. 



II. HEREDITARY DIFFERENCES 



There are many exceptions to the general rule that children 

 resemble their parents ; indeed no child is ever exactly like a par- 

 ent and the points in which they differ are known generally as 

 variations. These variations are of two kinds, those which are 

 caused by a different germinal constitution and are therefore in- 

 herited and those due to environmental differences which are not 

 inherited. Sometimes inherited variations are due to new com- 

 binations of ancestral characters, sometimes they are actually new 

 characters not present so far as known in any of the ancestors, 

 though even such new characters must arise from new c'ombina- 

 tions of the elements of old characters, as we shall see later. 



i. New Combinations of Characters. In all cases of sexually 

 produced organisms new combinations of ancestral characters are 

 evident. Usually a child inherits some traits from one parent 



