that may be resorted to by patrons to deceive and cheat, 

 and be on his guard, quick to discern any suspicious sur- 

 roundings or indications. As much depends on his judg- 

 ment and observation as on his honesty especially if 

 any of the patrons are disposed to be dishonest, as is 

 sometimes the case where it would generally be least 

 suspected. The later device of not only measuring cream 

 by the gauge, but of testing its yield of butter by churn- 

 ing a sample, is not only a guard, to considerable extent, 

 against fraud, but more closely approximates justice by 

 getting at the actual quality of the cream, on which de- 

 pends its value. There is no associated s}'stem yet 

 devised save that of churning every patron's cream sep- 

 arately and weighing the product that secures exact 

 justice to all. Nature does not appear to have furnished 

 standards of commercial measure or value for the pur- 

 pose of indicating mine and thine in mixed transactions, 

 or in speculative exchange. We have only relative and 

 approximate guides, by which justice, in a business 

 sense, is by no means secured. 



TESTING. 



Where milk is delivered at the factory, w 7 e have as 

 yet no standard test of value. All the receiver can do is 

 to see that it is in a normal condition neither sour nor 

 tainted, nor containing bad odors. For this purpose, the 

 smell must mainly be relied on. Hence, healthy and 

 keen olfactories are a gre^at aid here, as in some other 

 cases. If one catches the fumes when the can cover is 

 first removed, or as the milk runs into the weighing can, 

 he is pretty sure to detect any very positive bad odor. 



