IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 66 



of Manoa." The latter is undoubtedly identical with the mythological 

 " Lake of Parima " J in the Carib-aruaque traditions. 



Notwithstanding its roughly sketched character, Oviedo's map of 

 the Huyapari River is a very important historical document, which, 

 for that early time, shows fairly exact knowledge of the hydrographic 

 conditions in the interior of the present Republic of Venezuela, espe- 

 cially in the western region, between longitude 67 and 69. Most of 

 the names given to rivers and places on his map are still in use, 

 particularly those along the coast, and also the names given to the 

 islands by the first discoverers between 1498 and I5OO. 2 



In conclusion, there can be not the slightest doubt, I believe, that 

 Oviedo's Huyapari map was drawn after 1542. 



II. THE SPANISH ANONYMOUS MAP, ABOUT 1560 



The map shown in figure 2 was first reproduced in- facsimile by the 

 editor of the " Cartas de Indias," with the following title : " Mapa de 

 los rios Amazonas, Esequibo 6 Dulce y Orinoco y de las comarcas 

 adyacentes " (" Map of the rivers Amazon, Esequibo or ' Dulce ' 

 (sweet water river) and Orinoco; and the adjoining parts "). We 

 need not take up the question as to whether or not it is reproduced 

 in the original size or whether the original contains the title given 

 above. 



The map bears neither name of the author nor date. Judging from 

 the handwriting and from some of the inscriptions relating to differ- 

 ent historical events, it was doubtless made in the second half of the 

 sixteenth century. And therefore, I think, the year 1560, ascribed 

 to the map by the editors of the " British Guyana Boundary Arbitra- 

 tion," 3 was accepted also by the learned Brazilian historians Barao 

 de Rio Branco 4 and Dr. Joaquim Nabuco. 6 



1 The great Paro, meaning a powerful Indian chief, and sometimes " great 

 rLver," or "lake," also plays an important part in the Indian traditions of 

 Northwestern Bolivia and Eastern Peru ; and it is, of course, etymologically, 

 related to Pan'- (i) ma; Huya-pari, Machi-paro, and others. 



Ima, or ema, in Aruaque signifies " mouth of a river " ; cf. Abur-ema 

 (Giiriqui) discovered by Columbus on his fourth voyage (1502-1504). 



A river termed Aburema is mentioned also by Henri Coudreau " La France 

 Equinoxiale," etc. II. Paris, 1887, p. 63. 



2 Third voyage of Columbus, 1498. 



First voyage of Hojeda (-Cosa- Vespucci), 1499-1500. 

 First voyage of Guerra-Peralonso Nino, 1499-1500. 



3 " Venezuela." Baltimore, 1898. Atlas, No. 76. 

 4 Loc. cit., No. 13. 



5 " Frontieres entre le Bresil et la Guyane Anglaise." " Atlas." Paris, 

 1903, No. 4. 



