PINE FAMILY 37 



fibrous; transverse surface porous, resinous and with yellowish 

 groups of bast fibers; odor terebinthinate; taste slightly mucilagin- 

 ous, terebinthinate, bitter and astringent. 



Inner Structure. Bast fibers with non-lignified walls, the cells 

 being tabular and tangentially compressed and distributed in radial 

 more or less wavy rows throughout the inner bark; secretion cells 

 consisting for the most part of mucilage and to some extent of oleo- 

 resin or tannin arranged in tangential rows between the bast fibers; 

 parenchyma cells containing starch grains, the latter being single or 

 in groups, the individual granules from 0.005 to 0.020 mm. in diam- 

 eter and varying from spheroidal, ellipsoidal to club-shaped or even 

 irregular forms. 



Powder. Tissues and cell contents described above; lignified 

 woody elements few or wanting. 



Constituents. Alcoholic extract 30 per cent, consisting of 9 per 

 cent of tannic acid and the remainder made up mainly of an oleo- 

 resin. The bark also contains considerable mucilage and a small 

 quantity of coniferin; the latter is usually present in the cambial- 

 layer of all of the species of Pinus as well as in other genera of the 

 Pinaceae. 



Literature. Bastin and Trimble, Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1896, 

 p. 28. 



TEREBINTHINA. Turpentine. An oleo-resin obtained from 

 Pinus palustris and other species of Pinus (Fam. Pinacese), evergreen 

 trees indigenous to the southern United States. The oleo-resin is 

 secreted hi the sapwood and is obtained by making triangular incisions 

 in the bark and wood in the spring; it flows into cavities (or boxes) 

 made lower down on the trunk, from which it is dipped into barrels 

 or other receptacles. The product of the first year's cutting is of 

 superior quality and is known as " virgin " turpentine. It yields 

 about 15 per cent of oil of turpentine, while the product of the second 

 or third year yields 10 per cent. 



Description. In yellowish, opaque masses, brittle in the cold; 

 lighter internally, sticky and more or less shiny; odor and taste 

 terebinthinate. One part dissolved in 5 parts of alcohol gives a 

 clear solution having an acid reaction. 



Constituents. Turpentine consists of 70 to 80 per cent of resin 

 and 15 to 30 per cent of volatile oil; it also contains a bitter principle 

 and various organic acids, as pinic, sylvic, etc. 



Oil of turpentine is obtained chiefly from the following pines 

 growing in the Southern States: Pinus palustris, P. glabra, P. cuben- 

 sis, P. echinata and P. Tseda. The important constituent is the 



