38 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



hydrocarbon pinene (CioHie), which, in the oil from some plants, is 

 dextro-rotatory, while in that from other plants it is laevo-rotatory. 

 On allowing a moisture-containing oil to stand exposed to the light, 

 crystals of pinol hydrate separate out in the course of time. 



Turpentine Substitutes. A number of inferior substances are 

 sold for oil of turpentine. They are decidedly inferior as they have 

 no binding capacities nor do they combine with colors. The com- 

 position of some of these is as follows: (1) Oil of turpentine 2 parts, 

 rosin spirit 1 part, benzin 1 part. (2) Oil of turpentine 1 part, naph- 

 tha 1 part, petroleum spirit 2 parts. (3) Oil of turpentine 1 part, 

 naphtha 1 part. (4) Petroleum spirit 2 parts, rosin spirit 1 part, 

 naphtha 1 part. (5) Oil of turpentine 10 liters, rosin spirit 10 liters, 

 benzin 5 liters, rosin 500 gms., sandarac 500 gms. (6) Rosin spirit 

 10 liters, naphtha 10 liters, benzin 10 liters, sandarac 250 gms., rosin 

 600 gms. 



Allied Plants. Various other species of Pinus yield an oleo-resin 

 resembling turpentine, as Pinus Tseda, a tall tree growing in the 

 regions where Pinus palustris is found; the yield of oleo-resin from 

 this and other trees is considerably less. Pinus sylvestris, or Scotch 

 fir, which is indigenous to the mountains of Europe and Asia and 

 extensively cultivated in this country, is the source of much of the 

 turpentine used in Europe. 



Bordeaux turpentine is a product resembling American turpen- 

 tine, and is obtained from Pinus maritima and other species of Pinus 

 growing in Southern France, the resin consisting chiefly, however, 

 of the anhydride of pimaric acid. 



Austrian turpentine oil is obtained from Pinus Laricio, and appa- 

 rently consists of dextro-rotatory pinene. 



The oil known as French turpentine oil is derived from Pinus 

 pinaster, and, while it resembles the American variety, consists 

 entirely of laevo-rotatory pinene. 



Pine needle oil is obtained by steam distillation from the leaves 

 of Pinus pumilio, a tree of the Tyrolese Alps. It is a colorless oil 

 with an aromatic odor and taste, and contains from 5 to 7 per cent 

 of bornyl acetate, cadinene, phellandrene, pinene and sylvestrine. 



Pine needle oil is also obtained to a limited extent from the 

 Scotch fir (Pinus sylvestris). The German product closely resembles 

 the oil obtained from Pinus pumilio, as probably also does the 

 Swedish oil, but the English oil is laevo-rotatory. 



Birch tar is the product of the destructive distillation of the 

 wood and bark of the white birch (Betula alba). It is chiefly made in 

 Russia, has a strong, penetrating odor and does not solidify. It is 



