48 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



formed in tears, became plastic on chewing, and had a melting point 

 and gave an acid number corresponding to colophony. 



THUJA. Arbor Vitae or White Cedar. The young twigs of arbor 

 vitse (Thuja occidentalis, Fam. Pinaceae), a conical tree indigenous 

 from Canada to Virginia and extensively cultivated, and also used in 

 medicine. The leaves are 4-ranked, of two kinds, those of the lateral 

 pairs being more or less elongated, clasping, and triangular in section, 

 those of the other pair being flattened, appressed and with a prom- 

 inent oleo-resinous gland near the middle of the dorsal or outer sur- 

 face, the arrangement of the leaves being such as to give the branches 

 a flattish appearance. The fruits are small cones with six to ten 

 carpels, each bearing a narrow-winged seed. 



Thuja contains 1 per cent of a volatile oil with an odor resembling 

 tansy and containing d-pinene, 1-fenchone, d-thujone, and an inactive 

 oxime; two resins; a glucoside thujin, which resembles quercitrin; 

 a bitter glucoside pinicrin, and pinitannic acid. The two latter 

 principles are also found in Pinus sylvestris. 



JUNIPERUS. Juniper Berries. The carefully dried ripe fruit of 

 the common juniper (Juniperus communis) and its varieties (Fam. 

 Pinacese). The plants are small evergreen trees with subulate, 

 prickly-pointed, verticillate leaves and indigenous to North America, 

 Europe and Asia. 



Description. The berry-like fruits are nearly globular, from 5 to 

 10 mm. in diameter, somewhat wrinkled, purplish-black or dark 

 brown, frequently with a whitish bloom, with three to six minute 

 bracts at the base, and a triangular scar at the summit marking 

 the line of separation of the carpels. The pulp is brownish and 

 usually contains three ovoid seeds, attached to which are 3 to 4 ellip- 

 soidal oleo-resinous masses. The odor is slight and the taste is 

 sweet and resinous. 



Inner Structure. Epidermal cells with thick walls and brownish 

 amorphous contents; a hypodermis of 2 to 3 rows of collenchymatous 

 cells with brownish-red amorphous contents; pulp or sarcocarp con- 

 sisting of thin-walled parenchyma cells with large intercellular 

 spaces; fibro vascular bundles associated with yellowish stone cells 

 and ovoid schizogenous oil-secretion canals; inner layer of pericarp 

 of small thick-walled cells separated from the sarcocarp; the seed 

 coat to which are attached the secretion reservoirs is characterized 

 by a closed ring of stone cells, most of which contain a prism of calcium 

 oxalate, cells of endosperm and embryo filled with aleurone grains 

 and an oily cytoplasm. 



