302 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



mm. in diameter; starch grains nearly spheroidal from 0.003 to 0.010 

 mm. in diameter, occurring either singly or compound. 



Constituents. Tannin 10 to 20 per cent; gallic acid about 0.4 

 per cent; a bitter, crystalline glucoside villosin, somewhat resembling 

 saponin, about 0.8 per cent; starch; calcium oxalate; ash about 3 

 per cent. 



Allied Plants. Blackberries (the fruits of R. nigrobaccus, R. 

 nigrobaccus sativus and R. villosus), Red Raspberries (the fruit of 

 R. Idseus, a plant native to the Old World), Black Raspberries (the 

 fruit of R. occidentals, native of the northern United States) and 

 Strawberries (the fruits of cultivated varieties of Fragaria chilceensis, 

 F. vesca and F. virginiana) all contain about 2 per cent of malic 

 and citric acids, 4 per cent of levulose, about 4 per cent of pectin 

 substances and a small amount of volatile oil to which their dis- 

 tinctive flavors are due. Blackberries contain in addition consider- 

 able tannin and the wine made therefrom is valued in addition for 

 its astringency. 



QUILLAJA. Soap Bark. The bark of Quillaja Saponaria 

 (Fam. Rosaceae), a large tree indigenous to Chile and Peru. The 

 bark is removed in large pieces, deprived of the peridenn and 

 dried. 



Description. In flat pieces 25 to 90 cm. in length, 10 to 15 cm. 

 in width, 4 to 6 mm. in thickness; outer surface light brown, longi- 

 tudinally striate, with numerous crystals of calcium oxalate and occa- 

 sional patches of the dark-brown periderm; inner surface yellowish- 

 brown, finely wrinkled, with numerous crystals of calcium oxalate, 

 and occasional circular depressions, conical projections or transverse 

 channels; fracture uneven, coarsely fibrous, surface porous and with 

 groups of light yellow sclerenchymatous fibers; od6r slight; taste 

 acrid. 



Inner Structure. Consisting only of the tissues of the secondary 

 cortex, i.e., inner bark; radial rows of groups of bast fibers, the latter 

 having strongly thickened walls, of irregular contour and with 

 branching ends. Crystal fibers, containing monoclinic prisms of 

 calcium oxalate surround the groups of bast fibers; the sieve tubes 

 have simple horizontal walls with distinct sieve plates; starch-bearing 

 parenchyma and crystal cells each containing long prisms, from 

 0.060 to 0.200 mm. in length. 



Powder. (Fig. 136.) Pinkish-white; very sternutatory; cal- 

 cium oxalate in elongated prisms from 0.035 to 0.200 mm. in length; 

 bast fibers numerous, thick-walled, strongly lignified; crystal fibers 

 containing elongated prisms of calcium oxalate; stone cells more or 



