336 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



thin laminae appearing transparent and ruby-red on the edges; 

 inodorous; sweetish, very astringent and adhering to the teeth 

 when chewed, the saliva being colored red. 



Kino is only partly soluble in cold water, and not less than 40 

 per cent should be soluble in boiling water, the solution having an 

 acid reaction and giving a dark green precipitate with a solution of 

 ferric chloride and a reddish-violet color with solutions of the alkalies. 

 The alcoholic extractive is about 45 per cent. The yield of ash should 

 not exceed 3 per cent. 



Powder. Brownish-red; consisting of sharp angular fragments, 

 which upon the addition of water, partially dissolve, the solution 

 becoming deep red in color and leaving numerous small granules, 

 small rod-shaped bacteria, and a few indistinguishable plant 

 tissues. 



Constituents. Tannin, 40 to 80 per cent, which resembles 

 catechutannin and gives a blackish-green color and precipitate with 

 solutions of ferric chloride, a violet color with solutions of ferrous 

 salts, and the aqueous solutions of which deposit on exposure to air 

 an insoluble, amorphous, reddish substance, kino red; 1.5 per cent 

 of kinoin, a colorless, crystalline substance, which is sparingly soluble 

 in water and yields on hydrolysis, kino red. Kino also contains a 

 small quantity of catechol (pyrocatechin), kino red, gallic acid, resin, 

 gum, pectin, 13 to 15 per cent of moisture; and yields 2 to 6 per cent 

 of ash. 



Allied Products. The term kino is applied to various astringent 

 plant juices which, while they contain large amounts of tannin, do 

 not appear to be as valuable as either the Malabar or Australian 

 kino. 



Allied Plants. Australian kino (Red gum or Eucalyptus gum) is 

 obtained from Eucalyptus rostrata and other species of Eucalpytus. 

 It occurs in masses or small fragments, which are of a ruby or garnet- 

 red color (not reddish-black), somewhat dusty, but not so brittle as 

 Malabar kino. It contains 45 to 50 per cent of tannic acid; kino 

 red, and catechin. About 80 to 90 per cent is soluble in cold water, 

 the solution having a neutral reaction. Australian kino seems to be 

 more unstable than Malabar kino and is converted into insoluble 

 kino red, particularly if not thoroughly dried. 



Eucalyptus kino is also obtained from the following species: 

 Iron-bark tree (E. Leucoxylon), E. Gunnii, E. obliqua, E. piperata, 

 E. ficifolia, E. stellulata, E. Macrorhyncha, E. amygdalina radiata. 

 Several species of Angophora yield a kino which is wholly soluble 

 in alcohol and is entirely free from gum. So-called Botany Bay 



