358 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



0.4 part of water; 2.6 parts of alcohol; 18.5 parts of chloroform; 

 and 4 parts of glycerin. The microscopic crystals of the anhy- 

 drous salt may attain a length of 3 mm. The hydrous salt affords 

 long needles or elongated plates, which, when crystallized on a micio- 

 scopic slide, may attain a length of 20 mm. 1 



Cocaine Hydrochloride and Palladous Chloride. Cocaine and 

 cocaine hydrochloride give with a number of reagents, including solu- 

 tions of Palladous Chloride, characteristic crystalline double salts. 2 

 The crystals of cocaine hydrochloride and palladous chloride are 

 prepared in the same manner as the caffeine gold chloride, with the 

 exception that to the solution containing the cocaine hydrochloride a 

 small quantity of hydrochloric acid is added. To a few drops of this 

 solution upon a slide are added a few drops of the solution of palla- 

 dous chloride, the two are mixed by means of a glass rod and the 

 slide is set aside to allow the crystals to form. This frequently occurs 

 almost immediately. The individual crystals vary in length from 

 0.3 mm. to 1.6 mm. Skeleton crystals are also formed from 0.5 

 mm. to 6 mm. in length. For illustrations of these several forms of 

 crystals, consult Kraemer's Applied and Economic Botany, p. 164. 



The crystals have a strong tendency to form radiating aggre- 

 gates and skeleton crystals, due, no doubt, to the fact that the sub- 

 stance is only slightly soluble and the crystals therefore form rapidly. 



Ecgonine crystallizes in monoclinic prisms, which are slightly 

 bitter, readily soluble in water and sparingly soluble in alcohol. 

 Cinnamyl cocaine is found in commercial cocaine and occurs in 

 rosettes of needle-shaped crystals which are nearly insoluble in water, 

 soluble in alcohol and on hydrolysis yield cinnamic acid, methyl 

 alcohol and ecgonine. a-Truxilline (cocamine) is a bitter alkaloid, 

 which occurs either in an amorphous form or in large crystals and 

 yields on hydrolysis truxillic acid, methyl alcohol and ecgonine. 

 Truxilline occurs sometimes to the extent of 0.5 per cent in Peru- 

 vian (Truxillo) leaves. Cocaine is found in the seeds and roots as 

 well as in the leaves. The leaves contain a small amount of methyl 

 salicylate. 



Synthetic Local Anesthetics. A number of substances have 

 been manufactured, with a view of increasing their stability, reducing 

 their toxicity and their injurious effects. Their anesthetic power is 

 also as a rule somewhat less than that of cocaine and most of them 



1 Valentin, Zeitschr. f. Krystallog., 1889, 15, p. 36. 



* W. Lessen, Ann. Chem. Pharm., 1865, 133, p. 355; and Howard and Ste- 

 phenson Proc. A. O. A. C., Nov., 1908, printed in Bulletin No. 122, pp. 97-100, 

 of Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 



