FRINGE TREE 515 



varying composition. (Consult Ebert in Zeits. allgem. Oesterr. 

 Apoth. Ver., 46, p. 427, 1908, and Apoth. Zeit., 24, p. 44, 1909.) 



For crystals of mannitol, consult Kraemer's Applied and Economic 

 Botany, p. 156. 



Manna of inferior quality, known as " sorts," is obtained from 

 incisions lower down on the stem, and consists of brownish-yellow, 

 more or less agglutinated tears, which are sticky and but .slightly 

 crystalline. 



The leaves of a number of species of Eucalyptus (Fam. Myr- 

 tacea3) secrete a manna-like carbohydrate, as E. Gunnii and E. resini- 

 fera. (Consult in this connection the plants considered under the 

 Coniferse, Leguminosae and Myrtacese.) 



CHIONANTHUS. Fringe Tree Bark. The bark of the roof of 

 Chionanthus virginica (Fam. Oleacese), a tall shrub indigenous to the 

 southern United States and extensively cultivated. It produces a 

 deep green, glossy foliage and delicate flowers which hang in loose, 

 drooping, graceful panicles. It is very commonly grafted on some of 

 the species of Fraxinus when it becomes more vigorous and attains a 

 height of 8 or 9 M. The bark of the root has been used by the eclec- 

 tics and is preferably used in the fresh condition, although the 

 recently gathered bark is also employed. 



Description. Mostly in transversely curved pieces, occasionally 

 in quills, from 2 to 8 cm. in length, 0.6 to 3.5 cm. in width and from 

 2 to 7 mm. in thickness; hard and heavy; outer surface, yellowish- 

 or reddish-brown; rough, scaly, occasionally with numerous lenticels 

 and irregular scars; inner surface light yellowish-brown to dark 

 reddish-brown, distinctly striate; fracture short; inner surface, 

 waxy, having a thin, reddish-brown corky layer, outer bark thick, 

 whitish, inner bark having several concentric circles of stone cells; 

 odor distinct; taste very bitter. 



Inner Structure. Periderm consisting of a thick layer of thin- 

 walled, tangentially elongated cells, some of which possess a yellowish- 

 brown, oily content; primary cortex of thick-walled cells containing 

 numerous starch grains; inner bark with several concentric circles 

 consisting of small groups of stone cells distributed in among the 

 phloem; medullary rays 1 to 3 cells in width. 



Powder. Light yellowish-brown; fragments of starch-bearing 

 parenchyma numerous; occasional groups of stone cells, the latter 

 occurring in large plates and consisting of nearly isodiametric forms, 

 short fibers, and more or less oblong cells, walls varying in thickness, 

 frequently very thick, lamellated and having branching pores; occa- 

 sional fragments of yellowish-brown cork cells; starch grains single 



