614 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



chloroform and hot alcohol, and have an acrid and bitter taste, leaving 

 a persistent tingling sensation on the tongue. The drug also contains 

 solanine. 



Literature. Lloyd, Amer. Jour. Pharm., 1894, p. 161. 



Manaca. RADIX MANACA, FRANCISCERA OB BRUNFELSIA. The 

 dried root of Brunfelsia Hopeana (Fam. Solanacese), a large shrub 

 growing along streams in Brazil and other parts of tropical America. 

 While all parts of the plants are used in Brazil the root has only been 

 introduced into general medicine very recently. 



Description. Usually in pieces, from 6 to 10 cm. in length and 

 from 1 to 2 cm. in thickness; externally reddish-brown, much 

 wrinkled and with a scaly cork, which with the thin cortex is easily 

 separable from the light yellowish wood; very tough; inner surface, 

 bark thin, reddish-brown, wood large and very finely radiate; inodor- 

 ous; taste sweetish and slightly bitter. 



INNER STRUCTURE. (Fig. 269.) 



Constituents. Manacine, a very poisonous alkaloid, resembling 

 strychnine in its physiological actions. It also contains manaceine, 

 and a resinous substance which is apparently identical with sesculetin, 

 occurring in the bark and seeds of the horse chestnut tree. 



Adulterants. A large fusiform root, has been sold for manaca, 

 being about 30 cm. in length and from 2 to 5 cm. in diameter; it has 

 a very scaly membranous cork, a dark brown cortex and a large yel- 

 lowish-white wood. The taste at first is aromatic, resembling 

 orange peel, becoming acrid and pungent, leaving a persistent tingling 

 sensation on the tongue. The origin of this root is unknown, although 

 it is probably somewhat related to true Manaca. 



TABACUM. Folia Nicotian*, Leaf Tobacco. The dried leaves 

 of the Virginia Tobacco plant, Nicotiana Tabacum (Fam. Solanacese), 

 a tall annual herb indigenous to tropical America and widely culti- 

 vated. The stem is simple, giving rise to large, pubescent, ovate, 

 entire, decurrent leaves, the veins of which are prominent and more 

 or less hairy. The flowers are long, tubular, pink or reddish and 

 occur in terminal spreading cymes. The various forms of tobacco 

 are made from the leaves, which are hung in barns, whereby they 

 undergo a slow drying or process of curing. Other species of Nico- 

 tiana are also cultivated, as N. persica, which yields Persian tobacco; 

 and N. rustica, the source of Turkish tobacco. 



INNER STRUCTURE. See Winton and Moeller, The Microscopy 

 of Vegetable Foods. 



Powder. Greenish-brown; non-glandular hairs, 3 to 6-celled, 

 with a broad basal cell and not infrequently branching apical cells; 



