634 



SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



out and allowed to dry under pressure, and constitutes the " flat " 

 (or Tambla) bark (Fig. 279). The older methods of cultivation have 

 been entirely replaced by the selection of seeds from those plants 

 that run high in alkaloids. The yield and quality of alkaloids in the 

 bark are also improved by hybridizing the best trees irrespective of 

 their species. For instance, much of the best Calisaya bark is ob- 

 tained from Cinchona Ledgeriana Calisaya. 



FIG. 279. Commercial cinchona barks: 1, 2, 3, yellow cinchona having trans- 

 verse fissures; 4, 5, red cinchona, the former showing longitudinal furrows; 

 6, 7, Loxa bark (Cinchona pallida); 8, flat bark (Cinchona calisaya). About 

 actual size. 



About 80 per cent of the Cinchona bark of commerce is now 

 obtained from trees cultivated in Java. It is estimated that about 

 6,000,000 K. of Cinchona bark are annually exported from this 

 Island alone. India furnishes about 1,000,000 K. annually and 

 about 1,000,000 K. are produced by the remaining countries, Ceylon, 

 Africa and South America. 



Red Cinchona. Usually in double quills or rolled pieces which 

 are cut into lengths from 25 to 40 cm. in length, 15 to 20 mm. in 

 diameter, bark 2 to 5 mm. in thickness; outer surface reddish or dark 



