648 SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED PHARMACOGNOSY 



cells which lie close to one another (palisade cells), and the walls of 

 which are mucilaginous and stained by safranin and methylene blue, 

 the yellowish protoplasmic contents not being affected. 



Carob Bean [Ceratonia Siliqua (Fam. Leguminosae)] in a ground 

 condition is not only used as cattle food, but has been substituted 

 for coffee. It is distinguished by the sclerenchymatous and crystal 

 fibers, and the cells of the mesocarp, which contain reddish-brown, 

 spiral masses that are colored a deep violet or blue on heating with 

 solutions of the alkalies. 



Coffee Substitutes. The following are commonly employed: 

 Chicory; a number of the cereals and cereal products (Fig. 21). 

 Among leguminous seeds: soja beans (p. 346), lupines, peas, beans 

 and the seeds of Cassia fretida. In addition, under the name of 

 Mogdad Coffee, the seeds of Cassia occidentalis are used in various 

 tropical countries. The seeds are free from starch and the cells of 

 the endosperm are thick-walled and contain a brown protein sub- 

 stance. 



Of Coffee adulterants the following may be mentioned: Ground 

 ivory nut (Phytelephas macrocarpa), which is distinguished by the 

 thick-walled cells of the endosperm; and the ground kernels of the 

 acorns of several species of Quercus, which are readily identified by 

 the elongated, more or less swollen, distorted starch grains which 

 have a prominent, elongated cleft in the middle (Fig. 72). 



Literature. Griebel, Bot. Abstracts, 1919, 1, p. 219. 



CAPRIFOLIACE^, OR HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 



A small family of plants, mostly indigenous to the northern 

 hemispheres, and of a great diversity of forms, as regards habit, 

 leaves, flowers and fruits. The cork is usually superficial, except in 

 Sambucus and Viburnum, where it is formed inside the bast fibers. 

 Secondary bast fibers are developed in nearly all of the genera, 

 excepting Viburnum (consult Figs. 287 and 288). The tracheae 

 usually possess scalariform perforations; the wood fibers have bor- 

 dered pores; and the medullary rays are mostly narrow. Internal 

 secretory organs are wanting, except in Sambucus, where tannin 

 secretory cells occur. The non-glandular hairs are unicellular stel- 

 late, peltate or tufted. The glandular hairs are of 2 kinds: (a), 

 having a uniseriate stalk and a spheroidal or ellipsoidal secreting 

 summit, as in Lonicera, Sambucus, Triosteum and Viburnum; or 

 (6), peltate having a unicellular stalk and shield of 3 to 7 cells as in 

 Diervilla. 



