BONESET 679 



showing tracheae having annular and spiral thickenings and simple 

 or bordered pores, associated with numerous narrow, strongly lig- 

 nified wood fibers; pith cells more or less tabular and containing a 

 layer of protoplasm in which are embedded numerous spheroidal 

 granules. 



Constituents. Resinous substances amounting to about 21 per 

 cent, including a soft greenish resin soluble in petroleum ether, a 

 dark-colored resin soluble in ether and a dark-colored, amorphous 

 resin soluble in alcohol; a laevorotatory sugar 1-glucose; tannin 1.5 

 per cent; a volatile oil having the characteristic odor or the drug; 

 and about 8 per cent of ash. The drug has also been reported to 

 contain two glucosides, 0.8 per cent. (G. squarrosa) to 2 per cent 

 (G. robusta), somewhat resembling the saponins in quillaja and sen- 

 ega; and a bitter crystalline alkaloid, grindeline. 



Allied Plants. Other species of Grindelia growing in the western 

 United States and Mexico are similarly employed, as G. hirsutula, 

 the stems of which are purplish-red and pubescent; and G. glu- 

 tinosa, in which the leaves are glabrous, rounded at the summit, 

 the pappus being 5- to 8-toothed. 



Literature. Perredes, Proc. A. Ph. A., 1906, p. 370; Power 

 and Tutin, Ibid., 1905, p. 192, and 1907, p. 337. 



EUPATORIUM. Boneset. The leaves and flowering tops of 

 Eupatorium perfoliatum (Fam. Compositse), a perennial herb 

 (Fig. 300) indigenous to eastern and central North America. Bone- 

 set is collected in July and August and dried. 



Description. Usually in more or less broken fragments. Stem 

 cylindrical, somewhat quadrangular, flattened, about 3 mm. in 

 diameter, longitudinally wrinkled, tomentose; internodes 5 to 8 cm. 

 in length. Leaves lanceolate, opposite, 10 to 20 cm. in length, 2 

 to 4 cm. in breadth; summit acuminate; base connate-perfoliate; 

 margin crenate-serrate ; upper surface dark green, midrib and 

 veins depressed, reticulate, glabrous, except near the margin; under 

 surface yellowish- or brownish-green, midrib prominent, reticulate, 

 very tomentose, with glistening yellow resin masses. Flowers in large 

 cymost panicles; heads 10- to 15-flowered, about 5 mm. in length, 

 torus flat; involucre light green, oblong, the scales, imbricate, linear- 

 lanceolate, hairy; corolla 5-toothed, whitish; anthers purplish, 

 included; style deeply cleft, much exserted. Achenes 5-angled, 

 pappus consisting of a single row of about twenty rough bristles; 

 odor aromatic; taste bitter. 



Inner Structure. In the leaves, the epidermal cells are undulate, 

 especially on the dorsal surface, the stomata being slightly raised 



