XIV CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER V. 



THE ATOMIC VIEW OF NATURE. 



Recapitulation, 382 ; Atomic theory, 385 ; Lavoisier, 386 ; Phlogistic theory, 

 388 ; Theory of combustion, 389 ; Rule of fixed proportions, 392 ; J. 

 Benjamin Richter, 393 ; Dalton, 394 ; Berzelius, 396 ; Atomic theory 

 and gravitation compared, 396 ; WoUaston's prophecy, 397 ; Rule of 

 multiple proportions, 398; Equivalents, 399; "Simplex sigillum veri," 

 401 ; Prout's hypothesis, 402 ; Discovery of Isomerism, 40.o ; Organic 

 Chemistry, 407 ; Liebig's definition of same, 409 ; Type theory, 411 ; 

 Uncertainty in chemical theory about middle of century, 413 ; Two 

 aspects of the atomic theory, 415 ; A convenient symbolism, 417 ; 

 Neglect of the study of affinity, 420 ; Kopp on chemical theorj' in 1873, 

 421 ;*The periodic law, 422 ; Difference between chemical and physical 

 reasoning, 424 ; The kinetic theory of gases, 425 ; Avogadro's hypothesis, 

 427 ; Neglect of same, 429 ; Development of the atomic view, 431 ; 

 Pasteur's discovery of "Chirality," 431; Atom and molecule, 432; 

 Joule's calculations, 434 ; Clausius's first memoir, 435 ; Internal energy 

 of molecules, 436 ; The atomic theory accepted as a physical theory 

 about 1860, 437 ; Clerk Maxwell : The statistical view of nature, 438 ; 

 Doctrine of averages, 440 ; Geometrical arrangement of atoms, 441 ; 

 Crystallography, 441 ; Analogy between ci^ystallographic and atomic 

 laws, 444 ; Isomorphism, 444 ; Polymorphism, 446 ; Structural and 

 stereo-chemistry, 447 ; Valency, 447 ; Atomic linkage, 449 ; The carbon 

 tetrahedron, 450 ; Defects and insufficiency of the atomic view, 451 ; 

 Theories of chemical affinity, 452 ; Practical influences, 453 ; Change in 

 definition of organic chemistry, 454 ; Criticisms of the atomic view, 455. 



