THE SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT IN GERMANY. 165 



' Atheismo ' nor ' ISTaturalismo,' who neither attack the 

 ' articulos fundamentales religionis evangelicse,' nor in- 

 troduce enthusiasm, nor yet evangelical popedom. Like- 

 wise the jurists received full freedom for teaching and 

 for the expression of legal opinions, whereas at Halle, 

 following the common rule, the Prussian interest, at 

 least in matters of public law, was the measure of 

 things. At Gottingen the chief stress was laid on 

 the culture of the essentially modern sciences. In the 

 foremost rank stood the administrative and historico- 

 political branches where Putter, Achenbach, Schlozer, 

 Gatterer, Heeren, gave to the university her world- 

 wide fame ; the mathematical and scientific branches are 

 marked by the brilliant names of Haller, Lichtenberg, 

 Blumenbach, Kastner ; the philological branches by 

 Gesner, Heyne, Michaelis. The university met the de- 

 mand for encyclopaedic discourses, Mlinchhausen ar- 

 ranged in 1756 that a member of each faculty should 

 deliver a public course on the whole field of the sciences 

 taught there ; in the philosophical faculty Gesner treated 

 philologico-historical, Kastner physico-mathematical sub- 

 jects. An ' Index Lectionum ' of the year 1737 shows 

 nine professorships : 1. Politics and Morals. 2. History 

 of Literature. 3. History. 4. Elocution and Poetry. 

 5. Logic and Metaphysics. 6. Oriental Languages. 7. 

 Mathematics and Physics. 8. Administrative Sciences ; 

 to which is added, lastly, a professorship of Philosophy 

 without special definition." ^ 



It is evident that, owing to their constitution, as well 



^ The original endowment of Gott- 

 ingen was fixed at 16,000 thalers, 

 equal to 2400. This was more 



than double the endowment of 

 Halle. (Paulsen, p. 425.) 



