THE SCIENTIFIC SPIRIT IN GERMANY. 189 



training - school for the greater part of the eminent 

 chemists outside of Paris, and the model for similar 

 establishments, and extended its influence over the 

 world into England, Scotland, and America. It also 

 did more than any other institution of that kind for the 

 development of ready and accurate methods of analysis, 

 such as are now used in the remotest regions. But it 

 was significant for German chemistry, and for the cos- 19. 



. 11 1 Cosniopoli- 



mopolitan character of German science generally, that tan charac- 



^ "^ ter of Ger- 



this brilliant development of experimental research was man science. 

 stimulated from two independent centres; that German 

 chemists as little as German mathematicians attached 

 themselves in a one-sided manner to the Paris school. 

 In mathematical science the classical style of Gauss, 

 transmitted from the ancients through ISTewton, com- 

 bined with the analytical or modern French style of 

 Jacobi and Dirichlet to give to German research its 

 character of universality. In a similar manner, when 

 chemistry again found a domicile in Germany and be- 

 came an integral portion of the university programme, 

 it had been trained in two different schools. For there 

 lived at that time in Sweden the eminent authority Ber- 

 zelius,^ who divides with Gay-Lussac the glory of being 



^ J. Jacob Berzelius (a Swede, 

 1779-1848), one of the most eminent 

 and industrious of chemists, had a 

 great influence on the development 

 of modern chemistry by the num- 

 ber as well as by the accuracy of his 

 experimental determinations, by his 

 invention of methods and apparatus 

 for analysis, and by his extensive 

 proofs of several of the most im- 

 portant theories. The latter di- 

 rected the labours and governed the 

 opinions of many especially Ger- 



man investigators. It was through 

 him mainly that Richter's chemi- 

 cal equivalents and Dalton's atomic 

 theory were extensively verified and 

 applied to all parts of the science, 

 to organic and mineralogical chem- 

 istry. He also elaborated, in close 

 connection with Davy's electrical 

 discoveries, his celebrated electro- 

 chemical theory, which up to the 

 year 1840 was very generally ac- 

 cepted by chemists ; and he assisted 

 through his repeated expositions 



