36 DARWINISM AND POLITICS. 



many problems, however many it leaves 

 unsolved, hold out the promise that similar 

 good may be done by the substitution of some 

 more intelligent methods for military and in- 

 dustrial competition? International arbitration 

 and economic co-operation are as yet small 

 beginnings, but not smaller than the first germs 

 of representative government. So far as we 

 have yet got, neither arbitration nor co-opera- 

 tion have done for society what their advo- 

 cates hoped, but they may be the first 

 " variations," which, if they prove their fitness, 

 will bring into being a new species of civilised 

 society. 



Mr. Herbert Spencer considers that there 

 are only t wo main types of society, the mi litant 

 and the industrial : and in industrialism he com- 

 prehends an a bsolute system of laissez f aire, 

 the extreme of individualism. It is strange 

 that he should not see that the economic 

 struggle is only a phase of the oldest form of 

 struggle for existence the struggle between 

 individuals for subsistence, and that it t herefo re 

 belon gs to a lower type than the struggles 

 between organised communities, where a strict 

 organisation nutl^aTes" ilie internal strife. It is 



