THE SPIRITUAL WORLD. 97 



the lower animals and when we say " instincts" 

 it is as well to remember what Mr. Wallace 

 himself has so emphatically pointed out with 

 regard to the lower animals : " Much of the 

 mystery of instinct arises from the persistent 

 refusal to recognise the agency of imitation, 

 memory, observation and reason as often form- 

 ing part of it." 1 The social instincts of man 

 cause him to live in groups ; and the struggle 

 for existence is carried on, not merely between 

 individual and individual, but between group 

 and group, this second type of struggle leading 

 to a mitigation of the fierceness of the struggle 

 within any particular group. Thus, it is to the 

 advantage of a tribe to have as many capable 

 fighting members as possible : they are no 

 longer mere rivals for food, but comrades in 

 pursuit of a common end. Those qualities that 

 tend to the success of the tribe in its contests 

 with other tribes are " selected " for survival, 

 because the tribes that display opposite quali- 

 ties fail and are destroyed. What promotes the 

 welfare of the tribe is approved ; what hinders 

 it is condemned. "Conscience," as Clifford 

 puts it, " is the tribal self." We must not, and 

 1 Darwinism, p. 442. 

 D.P. H 



