The Lactometer and Its Application. 115 



horizontal line beginning with 1.034 under the column headed 



0.0003, the figure 3.316, which is the value for 100s ~ 100 when 

 s=1.0343. Introducing this value and that of the total solids 

 in the formula, the calculation is 12.25 3.316=8.934; 12.25-=- 

 8.934=1.37, which is the specific gravity of the solids in this 

 case. 



126. To recapitulate. Adulteration of milk by water- 

 ing or skimming, or both, may be established by a com- 

 parison of the composition of the suspected sample with 

 that of a control-sample, or if none such can be ob- 

 tained, with the legal standards. If the composition of 

 the two samples varies appreciably, the milk has been 

 adulterated, and the character of the adulteration is 

 shown from the following statement: 



If the analysis of the suspected sample 

 shows the milk is 



sp. gr. of milk i \ 



fat and solids not fat j watered 



sp. gr. of solids normal ) 



sp. gr. of milk and of solids "i , . , ] 



solids not fat | nign I skimmed 



fat and solids .__ low ) 



sp. gr. of milk normal ^j watered 



sp. gr. of solids normal or high > and 



fat and solids not fat low J skimmed 



The extent of the adulteration is determined as given 

 below. 



127. Calculation of extent of adulteration. 1 In the 



following formulas, percentages found in the control- 

 samples, if such are at hand, are always substituted for 

 the legal standards. 



a. Skimming. 1. If a sample of milk has been 

 skimmed, the following formula will give the number 

 of pounds of fat abstracted from 100 Ibs. of milk : 



1 Woll, Handbook for Farmers and Dairymen, New York, 1907, pp. 



267-8. 



