CRUSTACEANS 



took his idea of the name from the sandhoppers, which contrive to walk on land by spreading 

 out their legs in all directions. Their slow, awkward gait suggests an easy capture, but when 

 the hunter is about to seize his quarry, a stroke of the creature's indexed tail sends it skipping 

 ever so far out of reach. In allusion to this action Latreille named the primary genus of 

 sandhoppers Talitrus, ' a fillip.' Talitrus locusta (Linn.) is noted in the Lindisfarne catalogue. 

 Talorchestia deshayesii (Audouin), under the name of ' Orchestoidea Desbayesii,' is recorded by 

 Dr. Norman from Ryhope. 1 This border family of the Talitridae with its affections divided 

 between land and sea is commonly placed in the forefront, because it is best known to mankind 

 in general. But the Amphipoda are essentially an aquatic tribe, and their most primitive 

 forms are likely to be found among marine species. Many hundreds of these are now known 

 from different parts of the globe, and a goodly number even from the Durham coast, which 

 till lately had but few to boast of. 



The extensive family of the Lysianassidae have the first joint of the upper antennae 

 remarkably stout, and an accessory flagellum accompanies the principal flagellum or lash of 

 these appendages. Included in the family are the following species : Acidostoma obesum (Bate), 

 reported by Meek from depths of 39 to 59 fathoms off Durham 8 ; Orchomene bumilis (Costa), 

 ' Durham coast,' by Dr. Norman, who deems it identical with 0, batei, Sars ; s Hippomedon 

 dentlculatus (Bate) near Fame Islands, Norman, 4 and this together with H. propinguus, Sars, in 

 39 fathoms off Durham, Meek ; 6 Callisoma bopei, Costa, reported from ' Seaham, Co. Durham,' 

 by Norman, who holds that Costa's species is identical with Bate's later C. crenatum, Bate's 

 generic name Scopelocheirus meantime lying in wait for revival in lieu of Costa's Cal/isoma, 

 which seems to have been circuitously preoccupied ; Tmetonyx cicada (O. Fabricius), reported 

 from Durham coast by Norman, who calls the genus Hap/onyx by an obvious slip of the pen 

 for Hoplonyx ; Trypbosites longipes (Bate and Westwood), Durham coast, Norman,* and ' from 

 39 fathoms off Souter,' Meek ; 1 and lastly, Orchomenella nana (Kroyer), Durham coast, 

 Norman, who records it as Tryphosa nana, 9 in opposition to the view of Professor Sars, a 

 controversy which cannot be fought out here. The name Hoplonyx above mentioned was 

 chosen by Sars with reference to the armature of the finger in the first gnathopods. Being 

 preoccupied it must be discarded, and Hap/onyx cannot be used in its place, since it would 

 imply that the finger (or nail) is unarmed, in contradiction to the very character on which 

 the genus was founded. 



The Ampeliscidae are easily recognised by the tapering, apically truncate head, and, 

 when eyes are present, by the shining single lens with which each visual organ is provided 

 externally, although the internal apparatus is sufficiently complex. In Ampelisca the eyes, 

 when present, are four in number. Of this genus Norman reports A. typica (Bate) from 

 Durham coast ; A. tenutcornis, Lilljeborg, off Seaham (to which Meek in 1902 adds ' 2 J miles 

 off Souter Point, 21 fathoms') ; A. spinipes, Boeck, off Seaham' ; A. assimilis, Boeck (a species 

 scarcely distinct from Costa's^. diadema), ' off Marsden, Co. Durham, 10 fathoms' ; A. brevi- 

 cornis, Costa, Durham coast 10 ; and Meek notes A. macrocephala, Lilljeborg, from ' 56 miles 

 off Souter Point, 30 fathoms.' 11 In 1864 Norman's dredging list contains A. Gaimardii, 

 Krfiyer, and A. Bel/tana, Bate, subsequently recognised as A. typica and A. breuicornis. The 

 true A. gaimardii, KrSyer, now placed in the neighbouring genus Byblis, is recorded by 

 Dr. Norman as occurring off Seaham. The same authority reports Hap/oops tubico/a, Lilljeborg, 

 both from Durham coast and from near Holy Island. 13 The genus Haploops is distinguished 

 from the two preceding genera in that the eyes, when present, are only one pair. The name 

 of the species refers to the habit these animals have of constructing dwelling-tubes out of the 

 mud in which they live, their habitat being in strange contrast with the refinement of structure, 

 colour, and polished surface exhibited in this family. 



In the family Haustoriidas (formerly called Pontoporeiidas), which, unlike the 

 Ampeliscidae, have an accessory flagellum to the upper antennae, and their hind limbs adapted 



1 Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 140 (1900). 



2 Nortbumb. Sea Fisheries Committee Rep. for 1901, p. 55. 



3 Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 202 (1900). * Loc. cit., p. 201. 

 6 Nortbumb. Sea Fisheries Committee Rep., p. 55. 



6 Ann Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 207. 



7 Nortbumb. Sea Fisheries Committee Rep., p. 55. 



8 Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 203. * Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 341. 



10 Loc. cit., p. 342. u Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. etc., xiv. (i), 97 (1902). 



J Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 345. 



158 



