CRUSTACEANS 



Souter Point (Meek). 1 In the neighbouring family Callioptidie, Meek records Apherusa borealls 

 (Boeck), which is probably identical with the earlier A, cirrus (Bate), from off Souter Point at 

 56 miles and 2^ miles ; and from the latter station A.jurinei (Milne-Edwards). From the 

 same two stations the same author notifies Melpbidippella macro (Norman), belonging to the 

 family Melpbidippldee. Of the Aorides he records in his earlier list Aora graci/is, Bate, found 

 in Holy Island harbour, and in his later list the same species together with Lembos websteri, 

 Bate, at 2^ miles off Souter Point ; also from the latter locality several members of the Photidae, 

 Photis reinhardi (Kroyer), Gammaropsis maculata (Johnston) under the later name G. erythroph- 

 thalmuif Lilljeborg, the same species also appearing as Eurystheus erythrophthalmus, Lilljeborg, in 

 Norman's dredging list for 1864 ; G. palmata (Stebbing and Robertson) under the later name 

 G. nana (Sars) ; Podoceropsis excavata (Bate), for which P. rimapalma (Bate) is to be preferred ; 

 and, lastly, Megamphopus cornutus, Norman. He also gives from this locality Ericthonius 

 bunterl (Bate) in the family Podoceridae, from which it should be transferred to the Corophiidae, 

 to which also belongs Unciola planipes, Norman, 'dredged in July, 1864, off Holy 

 Island.' 



All the preceding Amphipoda are included in the tribe Gammaridea. From these the 

 Hyperiidea are distinguished, among other things, by having no ' palp' to the maxillipeds. In 

 other words, the fourth pair of mouth organs are here devoid of all the last four joints. In most 

 Gammaridea these joints are well developed, and are never all of them wanting. Norman 

 records that the Hyperiid Paratbemisto oblivia (KrSyer) has been taken by Dr. Brady off the 

 mouth of the Tees. 8 



The tribe Caprellidea, distinguished from the other two by the degradation of the tail- 

 part or pleon, has a rather less niggardly representation. From the often-mentioned stations 

 off Souter Point Mr. Meek's list contains, of the family Caprellidae, Pariambus typicus (Kroyer), 

 a skeleton shrimp of the most unassuming proportions, with a length not a third of an inch, no 

 breadth worth speaking of, and of its legs one pair dwindled and two pairs altogether lost. 

 Phtisica marina (Slabber), taken at 2^- miles off Souter Point, is better off in the matter of legs, 

 and longer, but still a poor wisp of a thing, the generic name implying that nothing but a severe 

 attack of phthisis could account for its wasted appearance. The whale-lice are first 

 cousins to these skeletons, but have a more flourishing aspect, due perhaps to easy feeding 

 on the oleaginous skin of the whale. That some of these Cyamidx have been at times 

 found on the Durham coast may be fairly argued from the circumstance that 'In 1387 

 Bishop Fordham issued a Commission, . . . stating in the preamble that all whales, 

 sturgeons, porpeis, and thulepolls, wrecked on the coast of the royal franchise of Duresme by 

 violence of the Sea, were the undoubted right of himself and his predecessors.' 4 It could not 

 have been worth the bishop's while to claim for his predecessors the right to whales, if none of 

 these monsters had ever been known to arrive. But if the whales came, the suitable species 

 of Cyamus would certainly have made it their business to come with them. 



The Entomostraca are far from having that fixed number of segments which forms so 

 remarkable a bond of union among the Malacostraca. On the contrary, the segments here 

 may be either fewer than these or considerably more numerous. They are fewer in all the 

 groups at present recorded from this county. These groups contain as a rule animals of 

 very small size, some of them quite minute. To discriminate the numerous species would be 

 impracticable without a fulness of detail which is here out of the question. Three orders have 

 to be discussed, the Cladocera, Ostracoda, and Copepoda. 



The Cladocera are named from their biflagellate second antennas. These form conspicuous 

 appendages of the more or less distinct head, which carries also the first antennas, the single 

 eye, the palpless mandibles and the one pair of maxillae, the body with from four to six pairs of 

 legs being for the most part included in the bivalved chitinous cover or carapace. About three 

 dozen species of these little ' water-fleas,' as the ignorant are pleased to call them, have been 

 recorded from the waters of Durham. The division of the Calyptomera embraces those in 

 which the feet are well covered by the shell, though that is often too transparent to conceal 

 them. This division is subdivided into two tribes, the Cten6poda and Anomopoda. In the 

 former stands the family Sididas, to which belong Sida crystallina (O. F. Mttller) and 



1 Nat. Hist. Tram. Northumb. etc., xiv. (i), 98. 

 8 Op. cit., i. 15. 



3 Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, v. 131 (1900). 

 * Surtees, Hist. Dur., i. (2), 1 7 



1 60 



