CRUSTACEANS 



being now discarded as pre-occupied ; l D. tenuiremis (Brady and Robertson), in 45 fathoms 

 2O miles off Sunderland, amongst muddy sand ; D. flava (Glaus), in 27 fathoms off Hawthorn ; 

 D. brevicornis (Claus), on Laminaria at Sunderland ; Thalestris helgolandica, Claus, in 

 27 fathoms off Durham coast; T. rufocincta, Brady, 'off Marsden, 10 fathoms, Hawthorn, 

 27 fathoms' ; T. clausii, Norman, Durham coast, littoral among weeds, and from surface of 

 open sea ; T. longimana, Claus, between tide-marks, ' Sunderland, Ryhope, etc. ' ; Westwoodia 

 nobilis (Baird), a brilliantly coloured species with a pre-occupied generic name, found by Brady 

 rarely on Lamtnaries near Sunderland ; Arpacticus chelifer (O. F. Mtiller), from many places on 

 coast of Durham, and as to the young from roots of Laminaria Brady notes that specimens 

 from Holy Island and tide-pools at North Sunderland were generally ' extremely melanotic ' ; * 

 Pontopolites typicus, T. Scott, from Holy Island ; 8 Zaus spinatus, Goodsir, coast of Durham, 

 usually amongst Laminaria saccharina or other fuci ; Alteutha depressa, Baird, at Sunderland, 

 chiefly from Laminariee, the genus distinct from Peltidium ; * A. interrupta (Goodsir), in 

 10 fathoms off the Durham coast ; Scutellidium tisboides, Claus, at Roker, near Sunderland, on 

 Laminaria; and S.fasciatum (Boeck), plentiful on Durham coast wherever Laminaria sac- 

 charina grows. 



Leaving at this point the Arpacticoida, we come to creatures of usually semi-parasitic 

 habits, of which some have been already mentioned in the family Ascidicolidae. Cylindropsyllus 

 l<evis, Brady, was dredged by Brady off Hartlepool in muddy sand at 5 fathoms ; 6 Lichomolgus 

 fucicola (Brady), amongst fuci, near low-water mark, Ryhope, and 4 miles off Hawthorn 

 and Marsden, amongst rough shelly sand, in about 25 fathoms ; L. liber, Brady and Robert- 

 son, from the last-mentioned localities, in 2027 fathoms ; L. arenicola, Brady, off Seaton 

 Carew, on sand in 4 fathoms ; L. thorelli, Brady and Robertson, off Marsden, in 25 fathoms, 

 and off Hawthorn a little deeper ; Cydipicera nigripes, Brady and Robertson, from the same 

 localities as the last-named species ; C. /ata, Brady, in tidal pool at Roker, near Sunderland ; 

 Artotrogus normani (Brady and Robertson), 6 miles off Hawthorn, in 27 fathoms ; Dyspontius 

 striatus, Thorell, at the last-named locality, where also was taken Acontiophorus scutatus (Brady 

 and Robertson). 



From the foregoing catalogue it will be understood how numerous are the species which 

 the enlightened industry of a very few enthusiasts can add to the known fauna of a county. 

 But for the three or four naturalists whose names have so frequently recurred, Durham might 

 have passed as a district singularly eschewed by the wide-ranging Copepoda, instead of being 

 conspicuously rich in representatives of their microscopic multitudes. Small as the free-living 

 and semi-parasitic forms usually are, there is another set derived from them, the truly parasitic, 

 which sometimes attain a considerable size, and of these it may be said that Surtees in his 

 history tells us something, without either intending to do so or being conscious that he was 

 doing it. He informs us that Bishop Cosin in 1662, having had to pay a bill of 5 17*. id. 

 for five sturgeon, which were chiefly given away in presents, desired his steward at Howden 

 ' to catch no more sturgeons.' 6 The episcopal right once fought for was evidently becoming 

 a burden. But relying on this unwelcome abundance of sturgeons, one may without hesi- 

 tation add to the Durham fauna the singular parasitic Copepod Dichelestium sturionis, Hermann, 

 which frequents the gills of the great cartilaginous scale-armoured fish after which it is named. 

 Similarly other fishes of the county, whether mentioned by Surtees or elsewhere, would in a 

 general way justify the enumeration of their various ordinary parasites as belonging to the 

 fauna of this region. 



Among the Thyrostraca, commonly called cirripedes or barnacles, certain parasitic forms 

 of a very interesting character were recorded from Durham waters by Norman in his dredging 

 list for 1863, namely, Pehogaster paguri, Rathke, as 'very rare'; P. sulcatus, Lilljeborg, 

 ' rare ' ; and Clistosaccus paguri, Lilljeborg, ' one specimen.' 7 All these are parasitic on hermit- 

 crabs, the first and third according to Lilljeborg being found on Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.), 



1 Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, n. 368. 



* Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. etc., new ser. i. 4. 

 8 Loc. cit., p. 4, pi. i. figs. 4-12. 



* Brady in Fifth Ann. Rep. of the Fishery Board for Scotland, App. F, No. ri. p. 329. 

 6 Mm. Brit. Copepoda, in., Ray Soc. (1880). 



6 Surtees, Hist. ofDur. i. (2), 17. 



7 Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. and Dur. \. 26. 



166 



